Studied by 4 people
What does ANC stand for?
African National Congress
What does SACTU stand for?
South African congress of Trade Unions
What does SAIC stand for?
South African Indian Congress
What does SACPO stand for?
South African Coloured People’s Organisation
What does SACOD stand for?
South African Congress of Democrats
What is the name of the white lawyer that defended anti-apartheid coloured people?
Bram Fischer
When was the Defiance campaign?
1952
Who were the new leaders of the ANC
Nelson Mandela, Oliver Tambo, and Walter Sisulu
When was the “new era” of leaders in the ANC?
1948
What were the main difference between the “old era” of the ANC and the “new era”?
The old era focused on petitions, the new era focused on civil disobedience
What was the first campaign centred on civil disobedience?
The Defiance Campaign
When was the Defiance Campaign?
1952
What two acts of rebellion took place during the Defiance Campaign of 1952?
Protesters burnt their passbooks and stormed “white-only” areas.
How many people were arrested during the Defiance Campaign?
8500
Which law was used to arrest people during the Defiance Campaign?
The Suppression of Communism Act
How many protesters were killed by police during the defiance campaign?
14
Which law was passed due to the Defiance Campaign?
The Public Safety act
What did the UN call the Defiance Campaign?
A threat to peace
When was the freedom charter passed?
1955
How many volunteers took part in the creation of the freedom charter?
50 000
What were the ANC volunteers collecting in order to create the freedom charter?
freedom demands
What was the aim of the freedom charter?
To highlight how apartheid negatively affected each group
What were all the freedom demands drawn up into?
The freedom charter
Give two reasons why the freedom charter was controversial?
Too accommodating to white people
Too communist
Define Intentionalist
the belief that the actions of individuals drive history
Define Structuralist
believe individuals derive from the circumstances that were historically created.
What is the name of the group which support the freedom charter?
The Congress of the People
Where was the freedom charter most famously read out?
Kliptown
How many people attended the reading of the freedom charter at Kliptown?
7000
How many leaders of the congress alliance were arrested during a raid?
156
When were 156 congress alliance leaders put on trial for treason?
1956
Name 3 famous leaders that were put trial for treason in 1956?
Mandela, Luthuli, and Tambo
Who was the lead defence lawyer defending the 156 congress alliance leaders put on trial?
Bram Fischer
What are the 3 main values the ANC believed in?
Cooperation with other groups: Integration
Civil Disobedience
Passive resistance
What did the PAC stand for?
Pan African Congress
What are the 3 main values the PAC believed in?
Independence from other groups
Black nationalism
Cooperation with other African countries
What is the name of the white women-led organisation against apartheid?
The Black Sash movement
Why were the women wearing a black sash?
Mourning the death of democracy
When was the Sharpeville Massacre?
1960
What did the Sharpeville murder start off as?
A demonstration against pass books
How many people marched against the pass laws during the Sharpeville massacre?
20 000
Who organised the march that lead to the Sharpeville massacre?
The PAC
How did the white people excuse the Sharpeville massacre?
they said is was a miscommunication
What group did the ANC split into, which Mandela was the leader of?
The MK – Umkhonto Sizwe
What does Umkhonto Sizwe mean?
Spear of the Nation
What did the PAC split into, to which Leballo was the leader?
POQO
What does POQO mean?
Pure
What kind of violence did the MK believe in?
Violence against properties
What was the aim of the violence against properties the MK believed in?
To undermine the foundation of the State
What kind of violence did the POQO believe in?
Violence against people
What was the aim of the violence against people that the POQO believed in?
undermine the leadership of the state
How long is the sentence for an African who striked?
3 years
When was Mandela’s first TV interview?
1961
What did Mandela say on the MK leaflet about Leballo’s ways of work?
“Leballo way is useless, worse than useless” “Leballo incites our bravest men to rushed unarmed into the guns of Verwoerd”
What does Mandela say, in the MK leaflet, must be done to combat the white state?
“We destroy the forces that make the white state powerful” “we must break the instruments of oppression.”
What does Mandela say, in the MK leaflet, white people have which makes them so hard to thwart?
“White people have the monopoly of violence”
Fill in the gaps
(1) such continued and total disregard by the government of the Union of South Africa and furthermore its determined aggravation of (2) by more (3) and measures and their enforcement, accompanied by violence and bloodshed.
Deplores
Racial Issues
Discriminatory Laws
Fill in the gaps
(1) policies based on (2) and reprehensible and repugnant to (3)
Deprecates
Racial discrimination
Human dignity
Fill in the gaps
(1) all States to consider taking such (2) as is open to them, in conformity with the (3) to bring about the abandonment of these policies
Requests
separate and collective action
Charter of the United Nations
Fill in the gaps
(1) that the racial policies being pursued by the Government of the Union of South Africa are a (2) of the Charter of the United Nations and the (3) and are inconsistent with the obligations of a (4)
Affirms
Flagrant violation
Universal Declaration of Human Right
Member State
Fill in the gaps
(1) that these polices have led to (2) and that their continuance endangers (3)
Notes with grave concern
international friction
international peace and serenity
When was the Rivonia Trial?
1963
How many people were arrested for the Rivonia Trial?
10 leading members of the ANC
How many, and what were the charges against the leading members of the ANC at the Rivonia Trial?
221 counts of Sabotage
After how many years of non-violence did Mandela say black people were forced to turn to violence?
50
According to Mandela, what did 50 years of non-violence accomplish?
Nothing but more anti-black legislation
Who was the leader of the Anti-Apartheid movement in the UK?
Lady Barbara Castle
What is the name of the judge at the Rivonia Trial?
Quartus de Wet
What was the penalty for the 10 leaders of the ANC if they were found guilty?
The death penalty
How many votes were their against the killing of political prisoners in (due to the Rivonia trial) at the National Assembly?
106 to 1 (South Africa)
What did the UN threaten South Africa with if they were to kill Mandela and the other ANC leaders at the Rivonia trial?
Economic Sanctions
Who led the ANC
Luthuli
Who led the PAC
Robert Sobukwe
Who led the MK
Nelson Mandela
Who led Poqo
Potlako Leballo
Note 
Flashcard (90)