PHL exam 4 wOOOoooOO

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145 Terms

1
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what are free nerve endings used for
pain
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what are enclosed nerve endings surrounded by layers of connective tissue used for
found on skin, creates graded response and sensitivity on larger regions
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what are specialized receptors used for
sense organs, increase sensitivity
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chemoreceptor
chemicals (PH, ATP, O2, Co2)
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mechanoreceptor
mechanical (touch)
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photoreceptor
photons (light)
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thermoreceptor
cold and heat
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nocireceptor
pain
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what are proprioceptors used for
movement, sense of body position, fine motor control
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where can you find proprioceptors
muscle spindles, joint receptors, golgi tendon organs
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what are cutaneous receptors used for
touch, pressure, heat and cold, pain
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special senses
sight, hearing, equilibrium, taste, smell
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exteroceptors
respond to external stimuli, (sight, hearing)
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interoceptors
respond to internal stimuli, (organs, tissues, mechanical and chemical)
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how is a stimulus transduced into an electrical signal
signal transduction pathway, ion channel opens, change in membrane potential, signal to integrating center
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what does graded potential determine
stimulus intensity and amount of action potential
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where is electrical signal generated
receptor
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what does receptor potential determine
stimulus intensity
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what is frequency of action potentials proportional to
stimulus intensity
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how high will the receptor potential be if the stimulus is long and stronger than average
higher than average
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where does the receptor potential take place
transduction site
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where is the receptor potential integrated
trigger zone
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where does action potentials take place
between the myelinated axon
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phasic receptor
fast-adapting mechanoreceptor (putting on a watch)
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tonic receptors
slow adapting (smell)
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meissners corpuscle function
sensing changes in texture (braille)
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where is the meissners corpuscle found
just below layer of skin
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ruffini endings function
skin stretch
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free nerve ending funtcion
temperature, pain, touch
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pacinain corpuscles function
sensing deep pressure
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what has sensitive but dense receptive fields
hands, face, lips
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what is lateral inhibition
disables spreading of action potential from excited neurons in the lateral direction (allows vision and sound to focus)
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what has a less dense receptive field
thighs, forearm
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what does it mean to have a small and dense receptive field
you can discriminate 2 points separately when they are closer together
35
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where does fine touch pathway happen
dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway (synapses in medulla)
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where does the coarse touch pathway happen
spinothalamic tact (synapses in spinal cord)
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does the fine touch go to the opposite side of the brain (contralateral)
yes
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does the coarse touch go to the opposite side of the brain (contralateral)
no
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functions of endocrine system
regulate development, growth, metabolism, maintain homeostasis, control digestive processes, control reproductive activity
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major glands of endocrine system
pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal gland
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what is a endocrine gland
organ/tissue/cells that produce and secrete substance into the blood
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what is a hormone
molecule secreted into the blood
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what is a target organ
cells that have specific receptors for hormone
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what is a receptor
proteins located on plasma membrane or within cell of target organ/tissue
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what is a hormonal stimulation
release of a hormone is triggered by the release of another hormone
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TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) function
stimulates release of thyroid hormone from thyroid
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what is a humeral stimulation
changes in blood level of nutrient or an ion trigger release of the hormone
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what releases TSH
anterior pituitary
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what triggers the release of insulin from pancreas
high blood glucose
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what triggers release of glucagon from pancreas
low blood glucose
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what organ is associated with humeral stimulation
pancreas
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what is nervous system stimulation
simulation of the nervous system triggers the release of a hormone
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what is an example of nervous system stimulation
sympathetic stimulation of adrenal medulla (leads to fight or flight)
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what reflex mechanism is the adrenal medulla associated with
nerual
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what do steroids hormones do
enter cell to bind to target tissue receptor
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what kind of hormone is lipid-soluble and formed by cholesterol
steroid hormone
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what are some examples of a steroid hormone
estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, cortisol, aldosterone
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what hormone is water-soluble and derives from amino acids
biogenic amines
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what do biogenic amines do
bind to receptor on cell membrane
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biogenic amine examples
norepinephrine, epinephrine, thyroid hormone
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what is a water-soluble amino acid
protein/glycoprotein
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what is the most common type of hormone
proteins/glycoprotein
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protein examples
antidiuretic hormone, insulin, glucagon, growth hormone
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how are lipid-soluble hormones transported in blood
carrier molecule, loss in urine
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what releases hormones
endocrine gland, directly into blood concentrations of hormone
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how hormones are eliminated
degradation in liver, excretion in urine by kidneys, uptake by target cells
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what organ are water-soluble carrier-proteins produced
liver
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which classification of hormones does not require a carrier protein
water-soluble
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what do water-soluble hormones do?
activate anabolic pathways, release cellular secretions, change membrane permeability, simulate muscle contractions
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what hormone changes membrane permeability
epinephrine (opens Ca channels in heart)
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what hormone stimulates muscle contractions
oxytocin
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what hormones acts through second messenger systems
water-soluble
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what is the first messenger in the 3 common messenger system
hormones
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steps of 3 common messenger system
hormone binds to receptor, binding of receptor activates receptor, activated receptor triggers downstream response which amplifies first messenger signaling
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what organ degrades hormones
liver
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what is up-regulating
increase sensitivity
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what is down-regulation
reduce sensitivity
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what is the downstream effector of TSH
thyroid
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what is the downstream effector of ACTH
adrenal gland
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what is the downstream effector of FSH and Lh
testes and ovaries
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what is the downstream effector of growth hormones
bones, muscle, adipose tissue, liver
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what is the downstream effectors of prolactin
mammary gland
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what nuclei controls release and production of oxytocin
paraventricular nucleus
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what nuclei controls production and release of ADH
supraoptic nucleus
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what part of the pituitary gland contain neural tissue
posterior pituitary
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what does the posterior pituitary release
oxytocin and ADH
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where are the releasing hormones produced
hypothalamus
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which cell in the thyroid gland are the most numerous
follicular cells
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what does the parathyroid gland do
regulates blood calcium
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what are the effectors of parathyroid hormone
kidney and bone
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GH and IGF act through negative feedback to regulate activity of what organs
hypothalamus
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how often does the adrenal gland release epinephrine vs norepinephrine
epi 90 norepi 10
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what are the functions of epinephrine and norepinephrine
increase heart rate and contraction, breaks down glycogen
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zona glomersula
mineral coritcoids
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zona fasiculata
glucorcorticoids
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zona reticularis
sex steroids
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what hormones does the anterior pituitary integrate
ACTH, epinephrine, norepinephrine
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what endocrine gland helps regulate blood calcium
parathyroid
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function of a-cells
glucagon 40%
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function of b cells
insulin 50%