DNA and Genetic Engineering: Key Concepts

Flashcards covering key terms and concepts from the lecture notes on DNA and genetic engineering.

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

The genetic material of organisms, serving as the blueprint of life.

Gene

A segment of DNA that codes for a specific functional protein or trait.

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

A set of processes involving replication and gene expression, where DNA is copied and transcribed to direct protein synthesis.

Nucleotide

The monomer of DNA, consisting of deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

Transgenesis

The introduction of foreign DNA into an organism to create a genetically modified organism (GMO).

Ligase

An enzyme that joins DNA fragments together by forming covalent bonds.

Genetic Engineering

A biotechnological technique of modifying the genes of an organism.

Base Pairing

The pairing of nitrogenous bases in DNA, where adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine.

Mutation

A change in the DNA sequence that may lead to variations in organisms.

Bioremediation

The process of using organisms to remove or neutralize contaminants from a polluted environment.

GMO (Genetically Modified Organism)

An organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.

Bt toxin

A protein produced by Bacillus thuringiensis, which is lethal to certain insect pests.

Insulin-producing bacteria

Transgenic bacteria engineered to produce insulin for patients with Type 1 diabetes.