10/3–10/6 – Stress, Coping, and Social Determinants of Health

Stress is a state of imbalance caused by a disparity between environmental demands and a person’s ability to ___

cope

Stress involves situations

emotions

Stress can be ___ or chronic

acute

Cumulative stress burden refers to the sum of all ___ and ___ stresses

acute

High cumulative stress burden predicts poor ___ outcomes

health

The humoral theory of disease by Hippocrates discouraged being overly ___

stressed

The germ theory of disease later replaced humoral explanations with ___ causes

biological

Homeostasis refers to a state of physiologic ___ within the body

balance

The “fight or flight” response was identified by ___

Walter Cannon

The fight or flight response is useful in immediate threats but harmful when ___

chronic

The behavioral “fight” response often appears as ___ behavior

aggressive

The behavioral “flight” response may appear as social withdrawal or substance ___

abuse

Hans Selye developed the ___ Adaptation Syndrome

General

The three stages of GAS are alarm

resistance

The “alarm” stage triggers the body’s ___ nervous system

sympathetic

The “resistance” stage involves sustained release of the hormone ___

cortisol

The “exhaustion” stage occurs when the body’s ___ are depleted

resources

Eustress refers to ___ stress

positive

Distress refers to ___ stress

negative

Durkheim’s study “Suicide” showed that individual behavior is shaped by larger social ___

forces

Durkheim’s work used the concept of the sociological ___

imagination

Symbolic interactionism argues people act toward things based on their assigned ___

meaning

The Thomas Theorem states “If situations are defined as real

they are real in their ___

Life events are one type of ___

stressor

The Social Readjustment Rating Scale was developed by Holmes and ___

Rahe

Chronic strains include ongoing issues like marriage or ___ problems

job

Chronic strains are stronger predictors of depressive ___ than life events

disorders

Role strain refers to hardships or conflicts people face in performing social ___

roles

Role overload happens when the demands of one role are too ___

great

Interpersonal conflict within a role set refers to conflict among people sharing the same ___

role

Interrole conflict happens when demands from multiple roles ___

conflict

Role captivity occurs when someone dislikes the ___ they occupy

role

Role restructuring occurs when a familiar role ___ over time

changes

People differ in how they perceive and ___ stress

appraise

Stress appraisal depends on an individual’s prior ___

experience

The Thomas Theorem helps explain how subjective perception affects stress ___

responses

Coping refers to actions people take to control or prevent ___

distress

Psychological resources such as optimism or self-esteem help people ___ with stress

cope

Cognitive techniques involve assigning ___ to stressful events

meaning

Behavioral coping includes active steps such as problem-solving or seeking ___

support

Social support provides emotional

cognitive

The main-effects model of social support says support improves well-being even without ___

stress

The buffering model says social support helps only when stress is ___

present

Stress can slow down body processes such as digestion and ___ response

sexual

Chronic stress can lead to physical and psychological ___

morbidity

Low socioeconomic status is associated with ___ levels of stress

higher

The exposure hypothesis says lower-class individuals experience ___ stressful events

more

The vulnerability hypothesis says stress has a greater negative effect on the ___ class

lower

African Americans experience higher levels of stress due to both race and ___

class

Minority groups often face additional ___ stress

acculturation

Women generally report ___ levels of stress than men

higher

Men are more likely to respond to stress with ___

aggression

Women are more likely to seek help or “___ and befriend

”tend

Workplace stress affects about ___% of U.S. workers

43

High-demand

low-control jobs are especially likely to cause ___

Occupational stress contributes to high levels of health service ___

use

Healthcare costs are about ___% higher for workers with high stress levels

50

Prolonged job stress can lead to occupational ___

burnout

Burnout is characterized by exhaustion

cynicism

Social networks are webs of social ___

relationships

Social networks provide access to support

information

Individuals with small or weak networks recover from illness more ___

slowly

Social networks can also spread unhealthy ___ such as smoking

norms