cdi 101 - fundamentals of criminal investigation and intelligence

criminal

in criminological sense, a person may be considered as a _____ from the time he or she committed the crime regardless whether or not it has been reported to the police for investigation

criminal

in criminal justice sense, a _____ may be defined as one who has undergone the process and went through all the pillars of the criminal justice system

criminal

in legal sense, a person may be considered a _____ only upon undergoing in the judicial process and upon determination by the court that he or she is guilty beyond reasonable doubt

investigation

literally means the act or process of careful inquiry or research; the systematic examination of some scientific detail or question whether by experiment or mathematical treatment

investigation

came from latin word investigare or vestigare or investigatus which means to trace or track; vestigium which means footprint and investigationem meaning searching for

came from old french word investigacion which means searching into

JONATHAN WILD (1720)

a buckle maker and a brothel operator; a master criminal who became london’s most effective criminal investigator; most famous thief catcher for pioneering the logic “employing a thief to catch a thief”

HENRY FIELDING (1749)

a magistrate in london who founded a group of non-uniformed thief catchers attached to bow street court whose function was to detect and watch criminals

JOHN FIELDING

the blind younger brother of HENRY FIELDING who took over control of bow street court (1753) - he called it bow street runner

bow street runner

first privately paid group to follow up investigation of crime

JOHN FIELDING

he initiated the practice of developing paid informants, printing wanted notices, employing criminal raids, and bearing firearms and handcuffs

EUGENE “FRANCOIS” VIDOCQ

a former convict who became a paris investigator; introduced the trade protection policy; forerunner of credit card system

SIR ROBERT PEEL

father of modern policing system; founded the london metropolitan police, also called as scotland yard bobbies

SIR ROBERT PEEL

presented the art and techniques of surveillance such as detectives concealing themselves while discreetly taking photograph and recording conversation

texas rangers

first law enforcement agency with statewide investigative authority; forerunner of the FBI (USA)

ALLAN PINKERTON

america’s famous private investigative;

founder of american criminal investigation system;

spearheaded the use of telegraph, railroad, and photography;

established the practice of handwriting examination in US courts;

credited for perfecting the techniques of undercover investigation

MRS. KATE WARNE

first woman detective hired by pinkerton agency

ALPHONSE BERTILLON

a french police clerk; founder of criminal identification (for providing the first systematic identification system); bertillonage system/anthropometry 

the west case

WILL WEST and WILLIAM WEST

a case which stated that BERTILLON’s measurements for identification is not reliable therefore adopting fingerprint as better alternative

DR. ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE

british writer and physician; created the fictional detective “sherlock holmes” and writes stories about him which led to the public consciousness for forensic science

DR. HANS GROSS

australian criminal jurist; published the book “criminal investigation”; introduced the first comprehensive description of physical evidence in solving problem; FATHER OF CRIMINALISTICS/FATHER OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

MAPP VS OHIO

the supreme court ruled the illegally obtained evidence is inadmissible in state criminal prosecutions

MIRANDA VS ARIZONA

the US supreme court established procedural guidelines for taking criminal confessions

PEOPLE VS GALIT

the right to a counsel may be waived but the waiver, to be valid, must be made with assistance of a counsel

criminal investigation

it is an art or science which deals with the identity, location of the offender and provides evidence of guilt through criminal proceedings

criminal investigation

it involves the systematic process of identifying, collecting, preserving, and evaluating information for purposes of bringing criminal offender to justice

criminal investigator

a public safety officer who is tasked to conduct the investigation of all criminal cases as provided for and embodied under the revised penal code/criminal laws and special laws which are criminal in nature

cardinal points

the primary job of the investigator is to discover whether or not an offense has been committed under the law. he must establish or answer the _____

inductive approach

follows a sequence from specific to general such that investigators will look first at the pieces of evidence before concluding as to what crime is committed

deductive approach

starts from general to specific such that investigators will first start looking at the body of the crime before proceeding with the individual evidence as to how the crime was committed

information, interview/interrogation, instrumentation

three I’s of investigation

information

it is the knowledge or data which an investigator acquired from other persons and records

regular sources

records, files from government and non-government agencies, news items

cultivated sources

information gathered upon initiative of the investigator from informants and informers

grapevine sources

these are information coming from the underworld characters

informer

the person who provides information to the police on a regular basis mainly for purposes of rewards or remuneration

informant

is any person who furnishes the police information relevant to a criminal case about the activities of the criminals or syndicates 

informant

they provide information to the prober voluntarily without any consideration

interview

is a conversation with a purpose, motivated by a desire to obtain certain information from the person beings interviewed as to what was done, seen, felt, heard, tasted, smell, or known

interrogation

the questioning of a person believed to possess knowledge that in official interest to the investigator 

anonymous informants 

they do not wish to be identified

rival elimination informant

to eliminate competition

false informant

reveals information of no consequence or value

frightened informant

motivated by anxiety

self aggrandizing

hangs about the fringes of the criminals and delight about surprising the police about bits of information

mercenary informant

gives information for a price or they sell information

double crosser informant

to get more information from the police

woman informant

female associates of the criminals. they uses body, charm, and intelligence to obtain more information

legitimate informant

operators of legitimate business establishments

incidental informant

individuals with no intention of repeating his services/furnishing information on continuing basis

casual informant

individuals who by social or professional position, possesses or has access to information to the investigation unit, either in response to a specific request or on his own initiative

automatic informant

those by virtue of their official positions are expected or obligated to furnish information openly to the investigation unit in normal course of their duty

recruited informant

individuals that are selected, trained, and utilized as continues and covert sources of information concerning specific counter-intelligence targets

interview

is a simple questioning of a person believed to possess knowledge in relation to an event/crime

interrogation

is a skillful questioning of a person suspected of having committed an offense or a person who is reluctant to make full disclosure of information in his possession which is pertinent to the investigation; it is confrontational in nature

identity

the investigator should identify himself

rapport

to have a better interaction

opening statement

why is the subject is being contracted?

narration

the witness should be allowed to tell all he knows with little interruptions from the investigator

inquiry

after all information have been given, that is the time for the investigator to ask question to clarify him about the case under investigation

conclusions

after the interview, it is but proper to close the interview with outmost courtesy and thanking the subject for his cooperation

observation

a complete and accurate observation by an individual of his surroundings and encompasses the use of all major sense to register and recognized its operational or intel significance

description

actual reporting of one’s observation

elicitation

it is a system or plan whereby all information of intelligence value is obtained thru the process of direct inter-communication in which one or more parties are unaware of the specific purpose of the conversation

the three phases are determination of the mission, selection of the subject, and accomplishment of the mission

approach

setting people to start talking

probe

to keep people talking

flattery

praise them to keep them talking

teacher-pupil approach

subject is treated as an authority than solicit his view-point

kindred soul approach

subject is placed on pedestal

good samaritan approach

offer help and assistance

partial-disagreement

disagreement will make them talk

provocative approach

provoke them/conventional gambits

teaser/bait

tempting them about a particular subject

manhattan from missouri

unbelievable attitude/question everything

joe blow

approachable/I know the answer to everything

national pride

propensity to defend country/policies

confession

the direct admission of guilt arising from the commission of a crime

a statement of the suspect directly acknowledging his guilt

extra judicial confession

those made by the suspect during custodial investigation

judicial confession

those made by the accused in open court

admission

a self incriminatory statement by the subject falling short of an acknowledgement of guilt

the acknowledgment of facts without accepting guilt

witness

any person who has seen or knowledge regarding the commission of the crime

prosecution witness

any person who offer testimony in favor for the prosecution and used to add incriminatory evidence to the accused

defense witness

any person who is brought before trial to strengthen the alibi of the defense and to disprove charge of the prosecution

character witness

any person who offer a testimony in line with the character reputation of some other person which will then serve at some point as to whether or not the testimony of that person will be given credit or not

eyewitness

any person who has seen the actual commission of the crime either whole or only part of its commission

child witness

a young individual who offers testimony concerning a crime

dumb witness

witnesses who by reason of some mental faculty are unable to provide an accurate detail regarding the crime which is typically common among uneducated individual

honest witness

these are those witnesses who cooperate and avoid exaggeration or falsehood in providing testimonies concerning the crime

fearful witness

these are those persons who are afraid of being involved in the prosecution of the accused or simply shy to face the open court

egocentric

a witness who is prone to exaggeration of the things he had observed and may attempt to add facts which are not part of the real scenario

hostile witness

those witnesses who are uncooperative and do not wish to provide information necessary for the prosecution of the case

suspicious witness

are individual witnesses who are doubtful about the true intention of the investigators or the police as a whole

ordinary witness

these are those witness who may be allowed to testify regarding the following:

a. about the identity of the person whom he had knowledge

b. handwriting of the person of which he had familiarity 

c. mental sanity of the person whom he had acquainted with

expert witness

those witnesses who by reason of their knowledge, skills, training, or experience may be allowed by the court to give their opinion. ex: questioned document examiner, forensic chemist etc.

verbal description/portrait parle

speaking likeness; depends on the ability of the witness to observe, describe, and compare

photographic files (rogues gallery)

successful if there is an existing photograph of the suspect on files

general photograph

variety of facial types showing different features of the face is presented to the witness by the investigator

artist sketch (composite criminal illustration)

the witness and prober develop a picture of the criminal with the help of skilled cartographer

physical line up

a means of selecting a suspect from a group of innocent persons usually composed of seven to ten persons. the purpose of line up is to eliminate the power of suggestion