apush unit 5 (1844 - 1877)

Mexican Problems

• issues governing texas (far from mexico city) —> smuggle goods to and from america (ranchers)

• mexican demands - encourages american to come to texas and develop lands however they needed to become mexican citizen, abid by mexican laws, and convert to Catholicism → many ignored demands → taxes and laws → wars

texan revolution (1833-1836)

• general santa anna (president of mexico - 1833 - dictatorship) - abolished constitution → mexican troops vs texans (1835)

• goals were to gain independence and restore constitution

• mexican army dominate

• Battle of alamo - church - led to many american coming to volunteer in the war as it showed patriotism

• texan won and santa anna gave in to all demands

mexican american war 1846-1848

• mexico was upset about texas wanting to apply for statehood

• mexico was in the way of manifest destiny

• president jackson was against it but it changed when president james k. polk promised to expand the country and grow

• president james k. polk was determined to acquire California and New Mexico, leading to conflict with Mexico that resulted in the war from 1846 to 1848

• general zachary taylor sent into rio grant between mexico and u.s by polk war started because mexico killed 11 americans

mexican cession 1846

• mexico ceded california and new mexico to united states for fifteen million

• wilmot proviso - proposed eliminate slavery in mexican cession - did not pass

• sectionalism continues to grow

california gold rush 1849

• james marshall discovered gold

• mass immigration and mirgration - mostly from china

• california applied for statehood - southern concerned as slave to free state is 15 -15 → congress split

compromise of 1850

• arguments between north and south over the expansion of slavery

• henry clay plan - california would be free, utah and new mexico was created and people are allowed to vote for free or slave state (popular sovereignty), selling slaves should be banned in washing dc, land from texas should be given to new mexico, and slaves caught have to be returned back to owners → rejected (whig party is divided)

• stephan douglas (illinois senator) - divided the compromise

• utah and new mexico uses popular sovereignty -→ only buys time for the union

kanas nebraska act 1854

• stephan douglas split the nebraska territory into kansas and new Nebraska (popular sovereignty)

• gets rid of missouri compromises

• douglas hoped the south would support his plan of building a transcontinental railroad

bleeding kansas 1854-1861

• people from other states going to kansas to convince people

• violence fighting over whether it would enter as a free or slave state, leading to significant conflict and bloodshed

bleeding sumner 1856

• Senator Charles Sumner Massachusetts senator was attacked by Representative Preston Brooks on the Senate floor over Sumner's anti-slavery speech. This brutal event highlighted the deep divisions in the nation over slavery.

republicans 1854

former whigs and democrat.

does not support growth of slavery

know nothing party 1855

• whigs begin to decline

• against immigration and catholics

• protestant and believe immigrant are taking jobs

dred scott v sandford 1857

• dred scott - slave

• john emerson (owner) takes dred scott to a free territory of wisconsin (lived for 2 years)

• returned to missouri and tried suing for his freedom (popular case because dred scott had good lawyers

  results - supreme court ruled against dred scott (roger taney - chief justice), stating slaves are not citizen meaning missouri compromise was unconstitutional → sectionalism

uncle toms cabin

• harriet beecher stowe (father was a temperance preacher) - wrote this book and becomes a best seller talking about the evil of slavery

• influenced northerners and europeans to view slave owners as evil

• south responds - south made their own version “aunt philly cabin” - claiming slavery is positive

Lincoln - douglas debate 1858

• lincoln republican v douglas democrat

• senator election (illinois)

• lincoln challenged douglas

• lincoln was against spread of slavery

• freeport doctrine - challenges douglas to give his view on popular sovereignty after dred scott case → douglas believes the people have the right to vote wether to support slavery or not → anger south democrats with this response

john brown’s raid 1859

• abolitionist

• plan to attack and capture harper’s ferry (town in virginia)

• breaks into a federal armory steals and gives weapons to all slaves for them to kill their owner and then starting a new government

• most slaves did not join

• results - slave uprising gone wrong, federal forces capture brown

• southern believes republicans made john brown do it

civil war causes (1861-1865)

1) slavery

2) constituional disputes (states rights v. federal government)

3) economic differences between North and South (industrial v. agriculture)

4) political disputes (election of 1860)

civil war events

• talks of secession (withdraw) - south carolina (dec. 1860) → confederate states of america (south states) - jefferson davis (president)

• Attack on Fort Sumter (April 1861) - south carolina (1 of 3 federal fort that was located in the south) - north and south disputes (south carolina believes its their when north believe its federal government) → blockade of fort

• lincoln plan - contract governor to only supply south carolina with food no weapons → declined - south fired the first shot → civil war begins

emancipation proclamation

• freed all slaves in rebellion against the u.s

• did not supply slaves in boarder states fighting for u.s

• kept G.B from siding with the south and becoming an ally

• the war became a war of freeing slaves and bring back the union

growth of the west

• homestead act of 1862 - government offers land out west → prove to be successful

  farmer for 5 years until you can prove you are successful farmer

• land grant college act 1862 - government gives money to western state/territory to create colleges

anaconda plan

• three parts

  • blockade of the major southern ports to destroy southern economy

  • take over all the key cities along Mississippi river that were important for trade

  • capture all capital of Richmond virginia

lincolns plan

• rebuild the south with the help of the south, ending slavery in the south

• moderate/lenient, he believed the south never left as it was illegal to do so

• 10% plan - south could re established their state government if 10% of the 1860 electroal pledged to loyalty to the union

• ratified the 13th amendment abolishing slavery

Johnsons plan

• took over after assassination of Lincoln

• southerner

• johnson believed it was restore but radical republican didnt think so

• south passed black codes - 1865 - blacks cant rent or keep houses, racial segregation, no interracial marriage, cant testify against whites, cant rent land

• impeached - johnson gets charged for violating the act (tenure of office act 1867-1887: prevents government from removing government officials unless senate approve of it) and failing to enforce Reconstruction policies. He aimed for quick restoration of Southern states without strict penalties.

freedman bureau 1865

• former slaves → land, voting rights, education → degree → jobs

• lasted less than 10 years - by andrew johnson stop funding it

• freedman schools → backlash (K.K.K. and fires on school)

sharecroppers

slaves working for former master’s land → create contract to get paid

no supervision - used to have supervision by freedman’s bureau but stopped

moderate republican

wants the country restore as before civil war as soon as possible

radical republicans

wanted south to pay, wanted congress to do work and not president, set up the freedmen’s bureau, and civil rights act of 1866

civil rights act of 1866

protection for slaves, citizenship, protection under law → rejected by andrew johnson

congress over rides veto by passing a amendment instead of law

14th amendment - equality and citizenship rights for all born in the US, including former slaves

15th amendment

• voting rights for everyone including blacks

end of reconstruction

• led to rise of jim crow laws

• compromised of 1877: south helped develop roads, bridges, railroads , remove military, assistance after civil war in order to maintain african american rights → putting democrats in his cabinet

• resulted in the withdrawal of federal troops from the South, effectively ending the Reconstruction era