PHARMA LEC MIDTERMS PART 2

Drug that increase Hgb content of blood

Hematinic

Example of hematinics

Iron, B12, Folic acid, erythropoietic co factors, anabolic steroids

Necessary for the maturation of RBCs and deficiency can lead to pernicious anemia.

VIT B12

Required for the maturation of RBCs.

Folic acid

Erythropoietic co factors

Cobalt and Copper, which help the bone marrow produce RBCs faster.

Used by individuals to build muscles.

Anabolic steroids

Drugs that control or stop bleeding.

Hemostatics

Drugs that stop bleeding from small or superficial blood vessels, such as incisions or abrasions.

Topical/Local

Topical hemostatics examples

Oxidized cellulose, epinephrine, styptics

A gauze-like pad placed on top of bleeding to absorb it and close the blood vessel.

Oxidized cellulose/Gelatin sponge

Used for epistaxis (nosebleeds).

Epinephrine

Powders, liquids, or sprays used on wounds to stop bleeding, including iodine, methylene blue, silver nitrate, and gentian violet.

Styptics

Drugs that stop bleeding from large and deep internal blood vessels or in cases of severe injury.

Systemic HEMOSTATICS

Systemic hemostatics example

Blood transfusion, VITK, Protamine sulfate

Performed when a significant amount of blood has been lost.

Blood transfusion

Given during surgery when a large blood vessel is cut to help the liver produce clotting factors.

Vitamin K

A protein found in the sperm of some fishes that can be used as an anticoagulant.

Protamine sulfate

Categories of anti-hemostatics

anti-coagulant, fibrinolytic, antithrombotic

Drugs that interfere with the clotting cascade, used in laboratory tests (in vitro) and blood transfusions (in vivo).

Anticoagulant

Example of anticoagulants

Heparin, Calcium, EDTA, Calcium, oxalate, Sodium oxalate, Sodium citrate, Acid citrate dextrose

Drugs that increase the activity of plasma or fibrinolysin, which dissolves clots.

Fibrinolytic

Example of fibrinolytics

Streptokinase, Streptodornase

Drugs that affect platelet activity and prevent clot formation, such as aspirin and other NSAIDs, dipyridamole.

Antithrombotic/Antiplatelet

Antithrombotic example

Aspirin and other NSAID, Dipyrimadole

Drugs that increase the strength of heart muscle contraction.

Inotropes

Example of inotropes

cardiac glycoside, phosphodietrase inhibitors, B-ardenergic agonist,

Derived from plants, such as digitalis, that inhibit the membrane-bound N-K-AT base pump in the heart.

Cardiac glycoside

Common cardiac glycosides used (Digitalis)

Digoxin, Digitoxin

Drugs that inhibit phosphodiesterase

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors or non-glycoside, non-catecholamine

Examples of phosphodiestrase inhibitors

1.      Theophylline

2.      Aminophylline

3.      Amrinone

4.      Milrinone

5.      Sildenafil

Drugs that stimulate B-adrenergic receptors

B-adrenergic agonist

B adrenergic agonist examples

1.      Dopamine

2.      Dobutamine

3.      Epinephrine

4.      Isoproterenol

5.      Glucagon

 

Drugs that treat irregular heartbeat or arrhythmias.

Anti-arrhythmics

Type of anti-arrhythmic that Block sodium channels to restore normal heartbeat

Class I anti-arrhythmics

Class I anti-arrhythmics example

Quinidine, procainamide, and lidocaine.

Type of anti-arrhythmic that act as B-adrenergic receptor blocking drugs

Class II anti-arrhythmics

Class II anti-arrhythmics example

propranolol, timolol, nadolol, alprenolol, and metoprolol.

Type of anti-arrhythmic that prolong the cardiac action potential and refractory period

Class III anti-arrhythmics

Class III anti-arrhythmics example

beryllium, amiodarone, and sotalol.

Type of anti-arrhythmic that block calcium channels

Class IV anti-arrhythmics

Class IV anti-arrhythmics example

verapamil, erapamil, and diltiazem.

Drugs that cause dilation of blood vessels.

Vasoactive drugs

Vasoactive drugs categories

arterial dilators and venous dilators

Reduce afterload

Arterial dilators

Arterial dilator example

captopril

Reduce preload

Venous dilators

Venous dilator example

nitroglycerin, nitroprusside, and prazosin.

Drugs that increase appetite

Appetite stimulant

appetite stimulant example

B vitamins, steroids(glucocorticoids& anabolic steroids), minerals (zinc), benzodiazepines(diazepam), and cycloheptadiene.

Drugs that prevent obesity by suppressing the hunger and satiety centers of the brain

Appetite suppressant

Appetite suppressant example

Apetamin

Drugs that increase the volume and fluidity of saliva. TX hypoptyalism & xerostomia

Sialagogues

Sialagogues example

alkaloids from plants and cholinergic drugs.

Drugs that decrease the flow and fluidity of saliva

Anti-sialagogues

Anti-sialagogues example

atropine and glycopyrrolate.

Drugs that coat, lubricate, and protect irritated or abraded mucous membranes.

Alimentary demulcent

Alimentary demulcent examples

syrup, gum, glycerol, and starch., egg, mineral oil

Drugs that cleanse and decrease bacterial growth in the oral cavity. TX of halitosis

Buccopharyngeal antiseptic

Buccopharyngeal antiseptic examples

Mouthwash (pinole, bactidol, hexidine, chlorhexidine), lozenges (dequadin, dequalinium, strepsils)

Drugs that induce vomiting

Emetic

Peripherally acting emetics example

§  Warm water is saturated with: CuSo4 or ZnSO4

§  Ipecac (production of toxic emetine)

§  Mustard seed

centrally acting emetics example

§  Apomorphine (don’t use in cats)

§  Xylazine (less effective in dogs)

§  Ipecac

Drugs that control vomiting

Anti-emetic

Peripherally acting anti-emetic example

glycopyrrolate, propantheline, methscopolamine, isopropamide, metoclopramide, and domperidone

anti-emetic most used in vet practice

Metoclopramide

Locally acting anti-emetic

antacids, kaolin, pectin, bismith subsalicylate

centrally acting anti-emetic

o   Metoclopramide – sedative (barbiturate)

§  Metoclopramide is advocated for the control of persistent vomiting caused parvoviral infection.

o   Labyninthine – anxiolytics (diazepam)

o   Meclizine (teratogenic)

o   Dimenhydramine

o   Diphenhydramine

o   Cyclizine (teratogenic)

o   Promethazine

Drugs that promote the function and activity of the stomach by increasing motility and secretion

Stomachic

Example of stomachic

bethanechol, neostigmine, bicarbonate, pentagastrin, betazole, and histamine acid phosphate.

Drugs that decrease gastric motility. Also known as gastric sedatives

Anti-stomachic

anti-stomachic example

atropine and glycopyrrolate.

Drugs that reduce excess acid in the stomach

Antacid

Substances that bind with Alkaline drugs to neutralize HCl

Sodium bicarbonate, sodium citrate

Drug used to treat wounds caused by excessive hydrochloric acid in the stomach.

H2 Blocker (antacid)

H 2 blocker example

§  Cimetidine

§  Ranitidine

§  Famotidine

§  Nizatidine

Drug used to treat ulcers and relieve pain caused by excessive acid in the stomach.

Proton Pump Inhibitor (antacid)

Proton pump inhibitor example

§  Dexlansoprazole

§  Esomeprazole magnesium

§  Lansoprazole

§  Omeprazole - most commonly used

·       Omeprazole magnesium

·       Omeprazole and sodium bicarbonate

§  Pantoprazole sodium

§  Rabeprazole sodium

Drugs that promote the expulsion of gas from the stomach.

Carminatives

Carminative examples

Alcohol ether, Chloroform, Ginger oil, Peppermint oil, Anise oil, and Eucalyptus oil

Drugs that depress ruminal fermentation and treat bloat in ruminants.

Antizymotic

Antizymotic exm

Turpentine oil, Formalin, and Poloxalene

drugs affecting intestinal function

• Laxative and purgatives

• enema

• Spasmolytic

• GIT protectant and absorbent

Drugs that induce defecation by promoting the elimination of soft, formed feces.

Laxatives

Drugs that induce defecation by promoting the elimination of watery feces.

Purgatives

Laxative and purgative example

• Lubricant (mineral oil, Docusate sodium, polaxazol)

• Simple bulk laxative (methylcellulose, agar, plantago seeds, wheat bran, prunes, cilium

• osmotic cathartics (magnesium sulfate, mg hydroxide, sodium sulfate, sodium phosphate, lactulose)

• irritant cathartics(indirect: castor oil, linseed oil, olive oil direct: bisacodyl, phenolphthalein

• neuromuscular purgatives (neostiigmine, physostigmine, bethanechol, and carbachol

Solution or suppository introduced into the rectum to initiate defecation.

Enema

Enema example

soapy water,  Glycerol, Sorbitol, Isotonic saline, Mineral oil, Vegetable oil, Docusate sodium

Drugs that decrease peristaltic movement and reduce the chance of having diarrhea.

Spasmolytic/Antispasmodic

spasmolytic examples

Opioid analgesic and anticholinergics

Drugs that protect the gastrointestinal tract and adsorb toxins.

GIT Protectant and Adsorbent

git protectant & adsorbent

activated charcoal, attapulgite, kaolin, pectin, bismuth salt

Drugs that increase the digestion of nutrients.

Digestants

digestants example

acidifier, enzyme, probiotic, prebiotic

Drugs given when there is insufficient hydrochloric acid to aid in protein digestion.

Acidifier

acidifier example

formic acid, butyric acid, propionic acid

Substances that aid in the digestion of specific nutrients.

Enzyme

enzyme example

lipase, protease, amylase

Good bacteria that aid in digestion.

Probiotic

probiotic example

lactobacillus, bacillus, saccharomyces

Nutrients that support the growth of good bacteria.

Prebiotic