3.8 - Representations of Solutions

In what case will a solution not dissolve regarding inter-molecular forces

If the solvent-solvent and solute-solute attractions are strong compared to the solvent-solute interactions, a solution will not form.

Miscibility

the ability of two substances to mix without separating

Polar solvents dissolve ____ solutes.

polar

Nonpolar solvents dissolve ___ solutes.

nonpolar

Like dissolves like

Similar materials are miscible in each other

When does a solution form regarding intermolecular forces

1. Solvent-solute forces are greater than the solute-solute forces + solvent-solvent forces

2. Solvent-solute forces are relatively equal to solvent-solvent and solute-solute

dilute solutions

solution has relatively low amount of solute

concentrated solutions

solution has relatively high amount of solute

saturated solution

concentrated solutions that have dissolved the maximum amount of solute for that temperature

Supersaturated solutions

Concentrated solutions that have temporarily dissolved more than the maximum amount of solute for that temperature

How to create a super saturated solution

raise the temperature and then let it drop

What happens to supersaturated solutions when temperature drops

flash crystallization

in the laboratory, why do we carry out most reactions in the solution

Because they act more readily this way

What does aqueous mean

dissolved in water

What is the definition of a strong electrolyte

something that when dissolved in water, it dissociates completely into ions

6 Strong Acids

HCl, HBr, HI, HNO₃, H₂SO₄, HClO₄

HCl (pronounce)

Hydrochloric acid

HBr (pronounce)

hydrobromic acid

HI (pronounce)

Hydroiodic acid

HNO₃ (pronounce)

Nitric acid

H₂SO₄ (pronounce)

Sulfuric acid

HClO₄ (pronounce)

Perchloric acid

Strong acids are also ____ electrolytes.

Strong

All other acids that are not the six strong ones ARE what kind of electrolytes

weak

Strong bases are ____ electrolytes.

LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH, Ca(OH)₂, Sr(OH)₂, Ba(OH)₂

LiOH pronunciation

Lithium hydroxide

pronunciation NaOH

Sodium hydroxide

pronunciation KOH

Potassium hydroxide

pronunciation RbOH

Rubidium hydroxide

pronunciation CsOH

cesium hydroxide

pronunciation Ca(OH)₂

calcium hydroxide

pronunciation Sr(OH)₂

strontium hydroxide

pronunciation Ba(OH)₂

barium hydroxide

all other bases are ____ electrolytes and don't ionize very much

WEAK

most weak bases have which two elements

N and H

All other molecular compounds except what are non electrolytes

acids and bases

What is the characteristic of electrolytes regarding electricity

Conduct electricity very well when dissolved in water