Psychology Griggs Chapter 5

sensory memory

set of sensory registers, one for each sense, that serves as holding places for incoming sensory info until it can be attended to, interpreted, and encoded into short term memory

iconic memory

the visual sensory register that holds an exact image of incoming visual input for less than a second

temporal integration procedure

experimental procedure in which 2 meaningless visual patterns that produce a meaningful pattern if integrated are presented sequentially with the time delay between their presentations varied.

Sperling's full report procedure

experimental procedure in which, following the brief representation of a matrix of unrelated consonants, the participant has to attempt to recall all of the letters in the matrix

Sperling's partial report procedure

following brief representation of a matrix of unrelated consonants, participant is given an auditory cue about which row of letters to recall.

short term memory

the memory stage with a small capacity (7±2 chunks) and brief duration (<30secs) that we're consciously aware of and in which we do our problem solving, reasoning, and decision making

memory span task

a memory task in which the participant is given a series of items one at a time then has to recall the items in the order in which they were presented

memory span

the average number of items an individual can remember across a series of memory span trials

chunk

a meaningful unit in a persons memory

disorder task

a memory task in which a small amount of info is briefly presented and then a participant is distracted from rehearsing the info for a variable period of time and then has to recall the info

maintenance rehearsal

type of rehearsal in STM where info is repeated over and over again in order to maintain it

long term memory

the memory stage in which info is stored for a long period of time (perhaps permanently) whose capacity is essentially unlimited

explicit (declarative) memory

LTM for factual knowledge and person experiences. It requires conscious effort to remember and entails making declarations about the information remembered

sematic memory

explicit memory for factual memory (ex: first president of usa)

episodic memory

explicit memory for personal experiences (ex: first kiss)

implicit (non-declarative) memory

LTM for procedural tasks, classical conditioning, ad primary effects . It doesn't require conscious awareness or need to make declarations about information remembered.

procedural memory

implicit memory for cognitive and motor tasks that have a physical procedural aspect to them (ex: hitting a tennis ball)

priming

implicit influence of an earlier presented stimulus on response to a later stimulus independent of conscious memory for the earlier stimulus. (ex: amnesiac poked with tack when shaking doctors hand and not wanting to shake hands again without knowing why)

amnesiac

person with severe memory deficits following a brain surgery or injury

anterograde amnesia

inability to form new explicit long term memories for events following surgery or a trauma to the brain. Explicit memories formed before the surgery/accident are left intact.

retrograde amnesia

disruption of memory for the past, especially episodic information; events before, especially just before, surgery or trauma to brain

infantile/child amnesia

our inabilities as adults to remember events that occurred in our lives before age 3

free recall task

memory task in which a list of items is presented one at a time and the participant is free to recall them in any order

primacy effect

superior recall of the earlier portion of a list

recency effect

superior recall of the latter portion of a list

encoding

process of moving information from one memory stage to another (ex: sensory to short term; short term to long term)

storage

process of maintaining information in a memory stage

retrieval

process of bringing information stored in long term memory into short term memory

automatic processing

memory processing that occurs subconsciously and doesn't require attention (ex: reading at first is hard > becomes natural)

effortful processing

memory processing that occurs consciously and requires attention

levels-of-processing theory

a theory of information processing in memory that assumes that semantic processing, especially elaborate semantic processing, leads to a better long term memory

elaborative rehearsal

a type of rehearsal in short term memory in which incoming information is related to information from long term memory to encode it into long term memory

self-reference effect

the superior long term memory for information related to oneself at the time of encoding it into long term memory

encoding specificity principle

the principle that the environmental cues (both internal and external) present at the time information is encoded into long term memory serve as the best retrieval cues for the information

state-dependent memory

long term memory retrieval is best when a person's physiological state at the time of encoding and retrieving information is the same

mood-dependent memory

long term memory retrieval is best when a person's mood at the time of encoding and retrieval is the same

mood-congruence effect

the tendency to retrieve experiences and information that are congruent with a person's current mood (ex: depressed people remember depressing shit)

mnemonic

a memory aid

method of loci

a mnemonic in which sequential pieces of information to be remembered are encoded by associating them with sequential locations in a very familiar room of place then the pieces of information are retrieved by mentally going around the room and retrieving the piece at each location

peg-word system

a mnemonic in which the items in a list to be remembered are associated with the sequential items in a memorized jingle then the list is retrieved by going through the jingle and retrieving the associated items. (ROYGBIV)

spacing (distributed study) effect

superior long term memory for spacial study

recall

a measure of long term memory retrieval that requires that the reproduction of the info with essentially no retrieval clues

recognition

a measure of LTM retrieval that only requires the identification of the information in the presence of the retrieval clues (multiple choice questions)

relearning

savings method of measuring LTM retrieval in which the measure is the amount of time saved when learning information for the second time

encoding failure theory

theory of forgetting that proposes that forgetting is due to the failure to encode in information into the long term memory (remembering features of a coin)

storage decay theory

theory of forgetting that proposes that forgetting is due to the decay of biological representation of the information and that periodic usage of information will help maintain its storage (use it or lose it)

interference

theory of forgetting that proposes that forgetting is due to other information in the memory interfering and thereby making the to-be-remembered info inaccesible

proactive interference

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the retrieval of new information (not being able to remember a new phone number bc the old one interferes)

retroactive interference

disruptive effect of new learning on retrieval of old information (not being able to remember the first person you met bc of meeting 8 other people right after)

cue-dependent theory

theory of forgetting that proposes that forgetting is due to the unavailability of the retrieval cues necessary to locate the info in the LTM (Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon)

Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon

the failure to recall specific info from our memory combined with partial recall and the feeling that recall is imminent (most common with people's names)

schemas

frameworks for our knowledge about people, objects, events, and actions that allow us to organize and interpret information about our world (routine when visiting a restaurant)

source misattribution

attributing a memory to the wrong source, resulting in a false memory (ex: dreaming something and thinking it really happened)

false memory

an inaccurate memory that feels as real as an accurate memory

misinformation effect

distortion of a memory by exposure to misleading information