Honors Biology - Fall Semester Exam

Biology

The study of life.

Homeostasis

Maintaining constant internal conditions.

Cell

The smallest unit of life.

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions in an organism.

Evolve

To change over generations.

Covalent Bond

Sharing of electrons; stable in water and important for biomolecules.

Ionic Bond

Transfer of electrons.

Hydrogen Bond

Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom (oxygen or nitrogen).

Monomer

A small subunit that can join with similar molecules.

Polymer

A large molecule made of many monomers.

Dehydration Synthesis

Monomers join to form polymers, releasing water as a product.

Hydrolysis

Polymers break down into monomers by adding water as a reactant.

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars; monomer of carbohydrates.

Polysaccharides

Complex carbohydrates; polymer of carbohydrates.

Triglycerides

A type of lipid made from glycerol and three fatty acids.

Phospholipid

A lipid containing a phosphate group and two fatty acids; forms cell membranes.

Amino Acid

Monomer of proteins; consists of an amino group, carboxyl group, and R group.

Peptide Bond

Connects amino acids in a protein.

Nucleotide

Monomer of nucleic acids; consists of nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate.

Cell Theory

All organisms are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of life, and all cells come from preexisting cells.

Prokaryotic Cell

A simple cell without a nucleus or organelles.

Eukaryotic Cell

A complex cell with a nucleus and organelles.

Cell Membrane

Controls what enters and exits the cell.

Mitochondrion

Site of cellular respiration.

Chloroplast

Site of photosynthesis.

ATP

Energy currency of the cell.

Photosynthesis

Process by which plants convert sunlight into sugar.

Cellular Respiration

Process of breaking down glucose to produce ATP.

Gene

A segment of DNA that codes for a protein.

Phenotype

Physical expression of a trait.

Genotype

The genetic makeup of an organism.

Monohybrid Cross

A genetic cross involving one trait.

Dihybrid Cross

A genetic cross involving two traits.

Codominance

Both traits are fully expressed in the phenotype.

Incomplete Dominance

A blend of traits in the phenotype.

Pedigree

A chart that shows inheritance patterns of a trait.

Asexual Reproduction

Reproduction that does not involve the fusion of gametes.

Sexual Reproduction

Reproduction that involves the fusion of gametes.

Meiosis

Cell division that results in gametes with half the number of chromosomes.

Mitosis

Cell division that produces two identical daughter cells.