Oxygenation

ABC

ABC

airway, breathing, circulation

airway, breathing, circulation =

ventilation, respiration, perfusion

oxygenation

process of providing cells oxygen

For ventilation to occur, needs:

integrity of airway system to transport air for lungs

Respiration

oxygenates venous blood and removes co2

Internal respiration

exchange of O2 and CO2 between circulating blood and tissue cells

External respiration

breathing, bring air into lungs

Cardiopulmonary system

heart and lungs

Cardiovascular system

heart and blood vessels

Airway

pathway for transport and exchange of oxygen and CO2

Airway made of

Nose until terminal bronchioles

Upper airway

nose, pharynx, larynx, epiglottis

Upper airway job

warm, filter, humidify air

Lower airway/tracheobronchial tree

trachea, main stem bronchi, segmental bronchi, terminal bronchioles

Lower airway job

conduction of air, mucociliary clearance, produce surfactant

Lungs

main organs of respirations

Right lung has ___ lobes

3

Left lung has ___ lobes

2

Lung breakdown

Lung, lobe, lobules

Pleural fluid job

lubricant and adhesive to hold lungs in expanded position

Alveoli

site of gas exchange

what controls the ANS breathing rate?

Chemoreceptors in brain and carotid arch

Diaphragm role

contracts to create negative pressure

Two types of chemoreceptors

central and peripheral

Peripheral chemoreceptors measure

blood pH and PaO2

Central chemoreceptors measure

PaCO2

Central chemoreceptors location

medulla oblongata

Peripheral chemoreceptors location

carotid arch

Ventilation control chain

Receptors, brain stem respiratory center, muscles of breathing, alveolar ventilation

Pulmonary ventilation

movement of air in and out of lungs

Inspiration is the ___ phase, expiration is the __ phase

active, passive

Respiration

gas exchange between atmospheric air in alveoli and blood in capillaries

Airway resistance

obstruction that air meets as it moves through airway

Lung compliance

ease with which the lungs can be inflated

Where does respiration occur?

terminal alveolar capillary system

Mechanism by which gas exchange occurs

diffusion

Change in ______ available can hinder diffusion

surface area

Tidal Volume

normal breath in and out

Arterial Blood pH normal range

7.35-7.45

Arterial PaCO2 normal range (mmhg)

35-45

Arterial Blood HCO3 normal range (meq/L)

22-26

SaO2 Normal range

95-100

PaO2 Normal range (mmHg)

80-100

Sympathetic, parasympathetic

fast, slow

Sympathetic hormones

epinephrine and norepinephrine

(adrenergic)

Sympathetic targets

Alpha 1,2

Beta 1,2

Alpha 1 stimulation means

dilates eyes, vasoconstriction

What are alpha 1 blockers often used for?

hypertension

Alpha 2 stimulation means

decrease saliva, decrease, CO, decrease norepinephrine in brain

Beta 1 affects

heart muscles

(stimulation increase HR, Contractility, automaticity, CO)

Beta 2 receptors activation

bronchodilation

Inhalers target

beta 2 receptors

Beta blockers used for

hypertension

B.E in blood gas means

base excess

Beta mimetics or blockers

decrease sympathetic output

Beta blockers role

decrease cardiac output but blocking Beta 1 and 2

Epinephrine stimulates

b1 and b2

Parasympathetic alternate names

acetylcholine/cholinergic

Parasympathetic targets

muscarinic and nicotinic

M2 stimulation

slow heart rate, decrease contraction, CO2

vagus nerve

M3 stimulation

induce smooth muscle contraction and mucus secretion

pee, poop, tears, saliva, wet glands

adventitious

abnormal breath sounds on lungs

angina

temporary imbalance between oxygen needed by heart and amount delivered to heart muscles

atelectasis

incomplete expansion/collapse of a part of the lungs

av bundle

muscle that transmits impulse from av node to ventricles

to contract

AV node

heart muscle in septal wall of right atrium, receives impulses from sa node and transmits to av bundle

bradypnea

slow breathing rate

bronchial

larynx and trachea noise

high-pitched, blowing sound

bronchovesicular

normal breath sounds over mainstem bronchus

moderate blowing sounds with inspiration = exp

capnogrpahy

monitor ventilation and blood flow through lungs

crackles

made as air moves through wet secretions in lungs

dyspnea

labored breathing

dysrhythmia

abnormal cardiac rhythm

hyperventilation

more air entering and leaving lungs

hypoventilation

decreased rate or depth of air movement into lungs

Hypoxemia

deficient blood oxygenation

Hypoxia

not enough oxygen available to tissue cells

ischemia

blood deficiency in certain area

SA node

initiates electrical impulses, pacemaker

Spirometer

measures lung capacities and volumes

Sputum

respiration secretion expelled by coughing or clearing the throat

surfactant

phospholipid that reduces surface tension of fluid lining the alveoli

tachypnea

rapid breathing rate

vesicular

respirations heard on peripheral lung areas

rhonci

deep, low pitched snoring sound

partial airway obstruction

stridor

high pitched sound heard over neck

secondary to upper airway obstruction

Whispered pectoriloquy

whisper sounds heard on thoracic auscultation

fremitus

vibrations of speech felt as tremors of chest wall during palpation

hemoptysis

expectoration of blood from respiratory tract

obstructive sleep apnea

temporary absence of breathing due to secondary to transient upper airway obstruction

orthopnea

shortness of breath when lying flat

physiologic dead space

portion of tracheobronchial tree that does not participate in gas exchange

Brochophony

abnormal increase in clarity of transmitted voice sounds heard when auscultating the lungs

Bronchoscopy

direct examination of larynx, trachea, and bronchi using an endoscope

egophony

abnormal change in voice tone heard when auscultating the lungs

Nasal cannula

device that delivers oxygen via prongs in the nostrils

Hypercapnia

high amount of Co2

Hypercarbia

high amount of CO2 in the blood

Pleural effusion

abnormal amount of fluid in pleural cavity

Pneumothorax

air in pleural space