AP Psych Unit 4

Association

connects items and experiences together in the order they were experienced

Observational learning

learns by observing others

Latent learning

exposed to info but does not show learning until later when needed to show it

Insight learning

problem needs to be solved and individual mentally works through the details

Trial and error learning

individual tries different solution at random until one is successful

Accidental reinforcement

individual links something with positive effects even if they are not connected

Unconditioned Stimulus

stimulus that naturally triggers a response, no teaching or learning

Unconditioned Response

response that does not need to be learned and occurs naturally

Neutral Stimuli

stimuli that ellicts no response from subject

Conditioned Stimulus

paired with unconditioned stimulus to trigger a conditioned response

Conditioned response

when a previously unconditioned response is occuring due to conditioned stimulus

Stimulus generalization

when subject has been conditioned and responds to other stimlu that are simliar to the orginial conditioend stimulus

Stimulus Discrimination

when subject has been conditioned and is able to recognize when other stimuli are different that the conditioned stimulus and not react

Higher order conditioning

new neutral stimulus becomes new condition stimulus

Law of effect

behaviors followed by a favorable consequence they are more likely to occur

Shaping

helps reinforce desired behavior

Positive reinforcement

desirable stimulus is added to promote behavior

Negative reinforcement

undesireable sitmulus is removed which promotes desireable behavior

Postive punishment

unpleasant stimulus is added which decrases undesireable behavior

Negative punishment

postive stimulus is removed so undesireable behavior decreases

Over justification effect

extrinsic rewards replace intristic motivation

Estrinsic motivation

individual is motivated by reward or to avoid punishment

Intrinsic motivation

individual has desire to do for their own sake

Preparedness

biological predisposition to make certain associations between items that will help with survival

Instinctive drift

animal who has been conditioned slightly changes their conditioning to more of a natural behavior for that species

Cognitive map

mental layout of environment

External locus of control

different outside factors that impact a person and could determine their fate

Internal locus of control

how a person impacts their own life

Problem focused comping

individual tries to eliminate or reduce stress by directly changing the stressor

Emotion focused coping

individual tries to eleminiate stress by ingnoring or avoiding the stressor, focuses on their own emotional needs that connect to the stressor