#1: Chloroplast Ultrastructure

These flashcards cover key concepts of chloroplast ultrastructure, focusing on their functions, structures, and roles in photosynthesis.

What is the function of chloroplasts in plants?

Chloroplasts absorb light to carry out photosynthesis, producing sugar for respiration to provide energy.

What is the typical size range of chloroplasts?

Chloroplasts are small flattened organelles between 2-10 μm long.

What does the outer membrane of chloroplasts allow?

It is permeable to small molecules and ions, allowing them to diffuse easily.

What is the purpose of the inner membrane of chloroplasts?

It regulates the passage of large substances, like sugars and proteins, in and out of the chloroplast.

What theory is supported by the presence of a double membrane in chloroplasts?

The double membrane supports the endosymbiotic theory.

What is found inside the stroma of chloroplasts?

The stroma contains enzymes, starch granules, proteins, chloroplast DNA, and ribosomes.

What are thylakoids and what do they contain?

Thylakoids are disc-shaped fluid-filled sacs that contain chlorophyll and other pigments for light absorption.

What structures are formed by stacks of thylakoids?

Stacks of thylakoids are called grana (sing. granum).

What are lamellae in the context of chloroplasts?

Lamellae are bits of thylakoid membrane that link the grana.

Where does the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis occur?

The light-dependent stage occurs in the thylakoids.

Where does the light-independent stage of photosynthesis occur?

The light-independent stage occurs in the stroma.

What is the role of ATP synthase in thylakoids?

ATP synthase is required to make ATP during the light-dependent reactions.

How is starch used in chloroplasts?

Starch is used to store the products of photosynthesis.