bio study guide (copy)

Osteoclasts

Osteoclasts

________ are involved in reabsorbing bone tissue during growth and /or repair.

Ligaments

________ attach bone to bone, often these limit movement and increase stability.

Gap junctions

________: proteins that form a channel between two cells and pass Ca2+ from the cytoplasm of one to the next.

anaerobic respiration

Fast glycolytic: produce ATP primarily by ________ (glycolysis), contract very quickly, fatigue quickly, and contain a low density of mitochondria and blood vessels (so theyre white)

Desmosomes

________: intermembrane proteins on the surface of both cells that anchor the two and keep them from pulling apart during contractions.

Sutural

(________): bones of the skull, vary in size and shape.

Epimysium

________ covers the whole muscle, which is composed of fascicles.

epiphyseal

Growth occurs in the _________ plates during childhood and fully calcifies in mature, adult bone.

Atp

________ is attached to the myosin head, it is hydrolyzed, causing a conformational change that "cocks "the myosin head so it is ready to bind to actin.

Tendons

________ connect muscles to bone (origin vs. insertion)

Short bones

________: cuboid; primarily in the wrists and ankles.

osteocytes

Osteoblasts, once trapped in the bone matrix, become ________, which are involved in maintaining bone tissue. (growth)

endomysium

The __________ is found in between muscle fibers and carries nerves and vessels.

Cardiac cells

________: are branched and linked together via desmosomes and gap junctions that allow the contraction signal (action potential) to pass easily from one cell to another.

Periomysium

________: surrounds each fascicle.

Fibrous joint

________: are bones that are sutured together and do not allow movement.

Myosin

________ binds to actin (with adp /p still attached)

Skeletal muscle

________: voluntary, multinucleated (makes protein synthesis more efficient), striated.

Osteogenic cells

________ become osteoblasts, which form bone tissue.

Skull bones

________: structurally supportive and protective.

Appendicular skeleton

________: limbs and girdles.

periosteum

Bones are covered by a tough membrane called the _________.

Cartilaginous joint

________: filled with cartilage, allows for some movement, but limited.

Fast oxidative /glycolytic

______________: produce ATP either by aerobic or anaerobic respiration, contract quickly, and fatigue moderately.

Epimysium

________: connective tissue that covers the whole muscle.

Axial Skeleton

skull, sternum, ribs, spine

Appendicular skeleton

limbs and girdles

Flat bones

sternum and ribs, cranium; protective

Long bones

primarily in the limbs; longer than wide; diaphysis and epiphysis

Short bones

cuboid; primarily in the wrists and ankles

Irregular bones

specialized shapes such as vertebrae and pelvis

(Sesamoid bones)

shaped like a sesame seed; patella

(Sutural bones)

bones of the skull, vary in size and shape

Skull bones

structurally supportive and protective

Pelvic girdle

pubis, ilium, ischium

Shoulder girdle

scapula, clavicle

Common pattern in upper and lower limbs

"one bone (humerus, femur), two bones (radius/ulna, tibia/fibula), lots of small bones (carpals, tarsals), digits (metacarpals/phalanges, metatarsals/phalanges)"

Synovial joint

fluid-filled, allow for movement (there are many types that allow for different angles of motion)

Cartilaginous joint

filled with cartilage, allows for some movement, but limited

Fibrous joint

these are bones that are sutured together and do not allow movement

Cardiac

cells are branched and linked together via desmosomes and gap junctions that allow the contraction signal (action potential) to pass easily from one cell to another

Smooth muscle cells

are much shorter, and contract as a single unit, often triggered by local factors such as the contraction of nearby smooth muscle cells, stretching, or hormone action

Slow oxidative

produce ATP primarily by aerobic respiration, contract slowly, fatigue slowly, and contain a high density of mitochondria and blood vessels (so theyre red)

Fast oxidative/glycolytic

produce ATP either by aerobic or anaerobic respiration, contract quickly, and fatigue moderately

Fast glycolytic

produce ATP primarily by anaerobic respiration (glycolysis), contract very quickly, fatigue quickly, and contain a low density of mitochondria and blood vessels (so theyre white)

Neck and shoulders

trapezius, deltoids

Arms

biceps, triceps

Back

rhomboids, latissimus dorsi

Abdomen

abdominals, abdominal oblique

Legs

gluteus maximus, hamstrings, quadriceps, adductors, calves, soleus

Skeletal muscle

voluntary, multinucleated (makes protein synthesis more efficient), striated

Epimysium

connective tissue that covers the whole muscle

Periomysium

surrounds each fascicle

Cardiac muscle

striated, controlled by the involuntary autonomic nervous system, single (or double) nucleated, branched, smaller cells than skeletal muscle

striated sarcomeres

the contractive unit of overlapping actin and myosin

Intercalated discs

finger-like projections that overlap at cell boundaries

Desmosomes

intermembrane proteins on the surface of both cells that anchor the two and keep them from pulling apart during contractions

Gap junctions

proteins that form a channel between two cells and pass Ca2+ from the cytoplasm of one to the next