EXAM 3: WOODY PLANT ID II

Vaccinium and Rhododendron are part of the _____ family

Ericaceae

Ericaceae was first described by Linnaeus in ___ and first used by Jussieu in ____

1753, 1789

What is the morphology of Ericaceae? (4)

Herbs, shrubs, and trees

Evergreen, alternate, or whorled

Perfect flowers, corollas with radial symmetry

Mostly urceolate or funnelform

Culture of Ericaceae

Acidic soils, infertile growing conditions, toxic

What infertile growing conditions does Ericaceae grow in? What is it and how does it work?

Peat bogs; fibrous, fossilized plant material that promotes moss like growth and retains moisture while preventing nutrient accumulation.

The greatest diversity of Rhododendrons is found in the ______

Himalayans

small evergreen leaf, 10 stamen

Rhododendron

large evergreen leaf, 10 stamens

Hymenanthes

evergreen azaleas, 5-10 stamen

Tsutsutsi

deciduous azaleas, 5 stamens

Rentanthera

Where are azaleas from?

China, Korea, Japan

Where does most of our peat (sphagnum) come from?

Canada

Wettest place in the US

Mobile, AL

Initial interest in evergreen azaleas was _____. They were introduced to Europe through the ____…?

medicinal; Dutch trade ships to the East Indies

T/F: Many of the early introduced azalea species and hybrids were called “Indian Azaleas”

True

From ____ to ____, azaleas were on the move

1790; 1853

Indicum types of Azaleas (4)

R. indicum (Brilliant, Iveryanna)

R. simsii (Souther Charm, Formosa)

R. mucronatum (Fielders White, Sekidera)

R. phoenicium (Gerbing, Taber)

native to woodlands of China, Laos, and Thailand

R. simsii and phonicium

native to Ryukyu islands in southern Japan

R mucronatum and indicum

Azaleas were first introduced to the US in the ____

1830s

Instrumental in propagating and spreading the Southern Indian hybrids

Fruitland Nurserty in Augusta, GA

Have Belgian hybrid parentage. Not as cold hardy. Large plants. Common cultivars include Formosa, George L Taber, GG Gerbing, Pride of Mobile, and President Clay

Southern Indian Hybrids

Cross btw kiusianum and sataense. Introduced in 1915, the earlies bloomers, very small. Cultivars include, Snow, Coral Bells, Pink Pearl, etc

Kurume Hybrids

Found in harsh climates at sea level on Yakushima. Natural cross between indicum and eriocarpum/tamurae. Low, slow growing cultivars. Means “fifth moon”

Satsuki Hybrids

Who crossed azaleas with Rhododendron oldhamii to create Encore Azaleas

Robert. E “Buddy” Lee

More sun tolerant, compact growth, remontant. Cultivars include Autumn Royal, Fire, Twist, etc

Encore azaleas!!!

What is America’s national flower?

the Rose!!!

These types of roses have been used for cosmetic purposes

Damask

Rose flowers can be ____, ____, ____, and may bloom ___, ___, or throughout the growing season

single, double, semi-double; once, twice

These roses have 5 petals, single blooms, pink, lavender, or white, and are not sold as ornamentals

Native Roses

Examples of Native Roses

Swamp rose, Virginia rose, Arkansas, small leaf, and Woods

What is an Old Garden Rose?

any rose that fits into a class that existed before 1867 (the year of the first Modern Hybrid Tea)

Old Rose Classes examples?

Alba, Bourbon, Centifolia, China, Damask, etc

T/F Spraying and deadheading garden roses is required. They are sexually propagated.

FALSE; they are asexual and do not require spray or deadheading

Classes introduced after 1867. The most popular rose type during the Victoriana era

Modern Roses

the first Modern Hybrid Tea

La France

a Modern Hybrid Tea named rose of the century

Peace

the first orange rose

Tropicana

Classes of Modern Roses

Grandiflora, Floribunda, Polyantha, Miniature, Rambler, Shrub, and Tree form

She was instrumental in revived interest in the use of Old Garden Roses in the landscape

Gertrude Jekyll

A group of modern roses released by David Austin. Referred to as Vintage roses

English Roses

T/F: Deadheading is required on modern cult flower rose hybrids, not necessary on shrub types with small flower clusters

TRUE

Number one disease problem for roses in Alabama. Up North?

blackspot; powderty mildew

Disease Problems for roses? (5)

Cercospora leaf spot

petal blight

crown gall

stem canker

viruses

Fungal leaf spot specific to rose, caused by Diplocarpon rosae. Modern Hybrid Teas and Floridundas are most susceptible, species and species hybrids are the most resistant

Blackspot

Blackspot prevention practices (3)

remove fallen leaves

annual replacement of pine straw mulch

plant disease resistant cultivars

Virus transmitted by eriophyd mite from multiflora roses. Causes Stem elongation, witches broom, thorn proliferation, red pigmentation, and death. Must remove ENTIRE plant

Rose Rosette Disease

Caused by the fungus Sphaerotheca pannosa. Horticultural oils found effective in controlling, but must spray early in the morning to avoid sunburn

Powdery Mildew

Caused by fungus Botrytis cinerea, more prevalent on fully double blooms, less on loose flower forms and singles. More of a problem in cooler seasons. can be a problem with low soil pH

Petal Blight

Pests for Roses (5)

Caterpillars

Japanese Beetle

Aphids

Spider Mites

Deer

Steps for choosing a rose for the Landscape

Blackspot resistant cultivars for the South

Fungicide programs

Information on a particular cultivar before choosing

consider disease tolerant cultivars for shrubs and perennial borders

Reliable Performers for the Southeast and their landscape use (5)

Rosa banksiae ‘Lutea’ - climbing rose

Rosa rugosa- hedge roses

Katy Road Pink- shrub

Knock Out- shrub rose

Drift - groundcover or low shrub

More resistant to disease than modern cultivars

Old Garden Roses

What is an invasive according to the USDA? (2 categories)?

1. non-native (or alien) to the ecosystem under consideration

2. whose intro causes or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health

What are invasives successful?

produce large quantities of seed

thrive in disturbance

aggressive root systems

multiple propagation methods

resistant or tolerant of native herbivores/pathogens

What are the impacts of invasive species?

ecological displacements of endangered species

competitive effects (water, light, nutrients)

degrade wildlife habitat

reduce agricultural acreage

List invasive species.

Hedera helix

Lonicera japonica

Pueraria montana- Kudzu

Lingustrum sinense/ludicum

Wisteria sinensis

Fueled further exploration of China’s native pears

Pyrus calleryana; used as rootstock

Completely wiped out the West-Coast pear industry

Fire blight

How are vines different than most woody plants

1. They move

2. Lobed vascular cambium provides flexibility

3. Mechanical adaptations

What are the mechanical adaptations of woody vines?

Twining, tendrils, adventitious roots, sprawling

Twin around available support structure. Perfect for support structures with wires, trellises, arbors, and pergolas

Twining Vines

Clockwise

Wisteria sinensis

Counter-clockwise

Wisteria frutescens

Native twining vines

Gelsemium sempervirens

Lonicera sempervirens

Trachelospermum jasminoides

Wisteria frutescens

Variegated Kiwi

What are tendrils?

modified stems, leaves, or petioles; enable the vine to grab and wrap around any point of contact

The three growth phases of tendrils…?

determinate elongation

contact sensitive pressure cells

lignification post twining

Sometimes used in combination with adventitious roots

Tendrils

Examples of Tendrils

Muscadine Grape

Clematis x (Large-flowered Clematis)

Maypop

Virginia Creeper

Roots which arise from tissue other than the radical (roots)

adventitious roots

Produce calcium carbonate to adhere to surfaces. can quicken degradation on wood structures

Clinging Vines

Examples of clinging vines

Boston Ivy

Climbing Fig

Trumpet Creeper

Cross Vine

Vines tend to be vigorous w/ arching branching habits. Lack specialized structures to cling to surfaces. Need to be tied or trained up structures like trellises and arbors

Sprawling Vines

Tree anatomy- 3 parts

Canopy, Trunk, and Roots

can occur along the twig, at the base of each leaf, just under the bark, or at the tip of each twig

bugs

located at the end of a shoot

Apical buds

often dormant; growth may be inhibited by the apical dominance

axillary buds

usually lie beneath the bark

suppressed buds

arise from callous tissue

adventitious buds

_____ is cutting out unwanted growth to make a plant develop or respond in a desired manner

Pruning

Reasons we prune!? (4)

to produce more/better blooms and fruit

develop/maintain a desired shape or size

remove older stems and encourage vigorous young ones to take their place

remove diseased/seriously injured parts

Right ____, right ____

plant, place

Tools of the trade and uses

Hedge sheers (mechanical or hand)

Loppers sheers

Hand sheers (bypass or anvil)

Pruning Rule- May Rule: If plant begins blooming before May, prune immediately after blooms fade

Includes forsythia, azalea, spirea, Chaenomeles, camellia, and lilac

Pruning Rule- May Rule: If the plant blooms in May or later, prune before the spring flush of new growth

Roses, Hydrangeas, Crape myrtles, beautyberry, and hollies

______ don’t create suppressed buds or adventitious buds. Pruning to stems, branches (anything brown), is _____

Gymnosperms; permanent

Hedging plants…?

removes the apical dominate bud, promoting lateral branching from axillary buds

Promotes new growth and dense branching habit

sheering often

an alternate strategy for removals. should be used to correct poor architecture/reduce the size of unmanageable plants

rejuvenation pruning

Prune in ___ Winter/ ____ Spring

Late, Early