Ch.10 The Respiratory System- Pulmonology

adenoid/o

adenoid

tonsill/o

tonsil

nas/o , rhin/o

nose

laryng/o

larynx (voice box)

pharyng/o

pharynx (throat)

trache/o

trachea (windpipe)

sept/o

septum (plural: septa)

sin/o , sinus/o

sinus

pneum/o , pneumat/o , pneumon/o

air or lungs

pulmon/o

lungs

lob/o

lobe

bronch/o , bronchi/o

bronchus

bronchiol/o

bronchiole

alveol/o

alveolus (air sac)

stern/o

sternum

cost/o

rib

thorac/o , pector/o (also pectus), steth/o

chest

pleur/o

pleura

phren/o

diaphragm

ox/o

oxygen

spir/o , -pnea

breathing

capn/o , carb/o

carbon dioxide

apnea

cessation of breathing

eupnea

good/normal breathing

tachypnea

rapid breathing

bradypnea

slow breathing

hypopnea

shallow breathing

hyperpnea

heavy breathing

dyspnea

difficulty breathing

orthopnea

able to breathe only in an upright position

hyperventilation

overbreathing; the condition of having too much air flowing into and out of the lungs; leads to hypocapnia

hypoventilation

underbreathing; the condition of having to little air flowing into and out of the lungs; leads to hypercapnia

dysphonia

bad voice condition (also known as hoarseness)

epistaxis

a noseblood

rhinorrhagia

excessive blood flow from the nose (another term for a nosebleed)

rhinorrhea

runny nose

bronchospasm

involuntary contraction of the bronchus

phrenospasm

involuntary contraction of the diaphragm (also known as the hiccups)

pleuralgia

pain in the pleura

pleurodynia

pain in the pleura

thoracalgia

chest pain

bronchorrhea

discharge from the bronchi

expectoration

coughing or spitting material out of the lungs

hemoptysis

coughing up blood

sputum

mucus discharged from the lungs by coughing

auscultation

a health care professional using a stethoscope to listen to a patient’s chest

cyanosis

a bluish color in the skin caused by insufficient oxygen

pectoriloquy

speaking from the chest; used as a means of finding masses in the lung. A health professional listening to a patient’s chest asks the patient to whisper a word. The word will be audible in areas where fluid or mass is present. Hence the chest “speaks” in those spaces.

pectus carinatum

a chest that protrudes like the keel of a ship

pectus excavatum

a chest that is hollowed out

percussion

striking the body surface (in this context, to cause vibrations that can help located fluid buildup in the chest)

retraction

the sucking in of the skin around bones during inhalation, happens when someone is in respiratory distress

atelectasis

incomplete expansion

bronchiectasis

expansion of the bronchi

caseous necrosis

the death of a tissue with a cheeselike appearance

chylothorax

chyle in the chest

empyema

pus inside the chest

hemothorax

blood in the chest

phrenoplegia

paralysis of the diaphragm

phrenoptosis

drooping of the diaphragm

pleural effusion

fluid pouring out into the pleura

pneumohemothorax

air and blood in the chest

pneumothorax

air in the chest

pulmonary edema

swelling in the lungs

pyothorax

pus in the chest

tracheostenosis

narrowing of the trachea

hypercapnia

excessive carbon dioxide

hypercarbia

excessive carbon dioxide

hypocapnia

insufficient carbon dioxide

hypocarbia

insufficient carbon dioxide

hypoxemia

insufficient oxygen in the blood

hypoxia

insufficient oxygen

computed tomography

an imaging procedure using a computer to cut

pulmonary angiography

an imaging procedure for recording pulmonary blood vessel activity

ventilation-perfusion scan (VQ scan)

a scan that tests whether a problem in the lungs is caused by airflow (ventilation) or blood flow (perfusion)

bronchoscopy

procedure to look inside the bronchi

capnography

procedure to record carbon dioxide levels

capnometer

instrument to measure carbon dioxide levels

endoscope

instrument to look inside

nasopharyngoscope

an instrument to look at the nose and throat

oximetry

procedure to measure oxygen levels

polysomnography

recording multiple aspects of sleep

pulmonary function testing (PFT)

a group of test used to evaluate the condition and operation of the lungs

spirometry

procedure to measure breathing

thoracoscopy

examination of the chest

laryngitis

inflammation of the larynx

laryngotracheobronchitis

inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi

rhinitis

inflammation of the nasal passages

sinusitis

inflammation of the sinus

pansinusitis

inflammation of all sinuses

sleep apnea

a condition where the patient ceases to breathe while asleep

tonsillitis

inflammation of the tonsils

tracheitis

inflammation of the trachea

tracheomalacia

softening of the trachea

asthma

a disease causing episodic narrowing and inflammation of the airway

bronchiolitis

inflammation of a bronchiole

bronchitis

inflammation of the bronchi

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

a group of lung diseases characterized by the continual blockage of lung passages

cystic fibrosis

a disease causing thick mucous buildup in the lungs and pancreas, named after the changes it causes to the lungs

diaphragmatocele

hernia of the diaphragm