perdev midterms

Adolescence

• The transition period between childhood and early adulthood (11–18 years old)

• One of the most rapid phases of human development

Puberty

• Process of physical changes by which adolescents reach sexual maturity.

• Refers to bodily changes.

Pre-natal

• Conception to birth

• Age when hereditary endowments and sex are fixed

• Period when all body features—both external and internal—are developed

Infancy

• Birth to 2 years

• Foundation age when basic behaviors are organized

• Period when many ontogenetic maturation skills are developed

Early Childhood

• 2 to 6 years

• Pre-gang age; exploratory and questioning stage

• Language and elementary reasoning are acquired

• Initial socialization is experienced

Late Childhood

• 6 to 12 years

• Gang and creativity age

• Self-help skills, social skills, school skills, and play are developed

Adulthood

• 18 to 40 years

• Age of adjustment to new life patterns and roles

• Roles include spouse, parent, and breadwinner

Middle Age

• 40 years to retirement

• Transition age

• Period when adjustments to initial physical and mental decline are experienced

Old Age

• Retirement to death

• Retirement age marked by increasingly rapid physical and mental decline

• Period when these changes are experienced

0 to 1

TRUST VS. MISTRUST

An infant either develops trust if cared for reliably, or mistrust if neglected.

18 mos to 3

AuTonomy vs. ShamE and Doubt
The infant develops a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence. Supportive parents who allow exploration foster autonomy, while overly restrictive or critical parenting can lead to shame and doubt.

3 to 5

Initiative vs. Guilt
The child begins to assert control and power over their environment by planning activities, accomplishing tasks, and facing challenges. Success leads to a sense of purpose, while criticism or discouragement can cause guilt.

5 to 12

Industry vs. Inferiority
Child learns, interacts with peers, and faces social demands. Success → competence. Failure → inferiority.

12 to 18

Identity vs. Role Confusion

A teenager experiments with different roles, activities, and behaviors while trying to figure out who they are.

19 to 40

Intimacy vs. Isolation
Young adults focus on forming intimate, loving relationships. Success leads to strong relationships, while failure can result in loneliness and isolation.

40 to 65

Generativity vs. Stagnation
Adults create or nurture things that outlast them. Success → usefulness and accomplishment. Failure → stagnation

65+

Ego Integrity vs. Despair
Older adults reflect on life. Success → wisdom. Failure → regret, bitterness, despair.

Stress

• Webster’s definitions: An emotional factor causing bodily or mental tension.

• Feeling one gets from prolonged, pent-up emotions.

Feist and Rosenberg

(2012) Stress is a reaction, a stimulus, and a relational condition between people and their situations

Stress as a Stimulus

Caused by life-changing or threatening situations, e.g., separation, moving, or starting a new job.

Stress as a Response

Body reacts to challenges. Involves hormones, glands, and nervous system. Adrenal gland produces cortisol (“stress hormone”).

Relational Stress

Stressful events that disrupt or threaten relationships, leading to loneliness.

Eustress

Stress from positive events (“good stress”), e.g., starting college, getting married, having a baby.

Distress

Stress from negative events (“bad stress”), e.g., failing an exam, fighting with a friend, getting a speeding ticket.

Basic Stress

Types of Distress

everyday hassles, e.g., missed deadlines, minor arguments

Cumulative Stress

Types of Distress

buildup of multiple stressors, e.g., ongoing school pressure, family conflicts over time

Traumatic Stress

Types of Distress

extreme events, e.g., natural disasters, serious accidents, loss of a loved one

Hypostress

Stress from lack of stimulation or boredom, usually with no serious effect.

External stressors

from outside, e.g., situations, people, experiences

Internal stressors

from within, e.g., fearful thoughts, uncertainty, lack of control