psych 1101 module 48,49,50,51

anxiety related disorder heritability

GAD 30%

depressive disorder heritability

50%

bipolar disorders heritability

44%, some say as high as 90%

schizophrenia heritability

could be 90%

dissociative disorders heritability

more work needed

personality disorders heritability

narcissistic PD, 40%

eating disorders heritability

anorexia 55%

personality has a heritability of

0.5

anxiety disorders

 intense and persistent anxiety

some disorder are a matter of degree

• We have all experienced anxiety

• This is similar to what those with anxiety Dx experience

• A line must be drawn

• Where do you draw the line between everyday anxiety and clinically significant anxiety disorder?

anxiety disorder definition

 marked by distressing persistent anxiety, or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

generalized anxiety disorder

• Person is continually tense and uneasy

• Dizziness, sweating, heart palpitations

• No obvious medical reason (rule out)

DMS V Criteria generalized anxiety disorder

• Excessive anxiety and worry (apprehensive expectation), occurring more days that not for at least 6 months, about a number of events or activities such as work or school)

• The person finds it difficult to control the worry

• The anxiety and worry are associated with three or more of the following six symptoms (with at least some symptoms present for more days than not for the past 6 months)

• The anxiety, worry or physical symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other important areas of functioning

• The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition

• The disturbance is not better explained by another mental disorder

generalized anxiety disorder symptoms

• Restlessness of feeling keyed ep or on edge

• Being easily fatigued

• Difficulty concentrating or mind going blank

• Irritability

• Muscle tension

• Sleep disturbance (difficult falling or staying asleep or restless unsatisfying sleep)

30% of Americans more than half of the days are bothered by feeling something awful might happen

• Median GAD score was 16

• Active treatment is warranted for scores greater than 15

• More than half of this sample would likely benefit from seeing a clinician to see whether they have GAD

• Anxiety levels in the population that were above typical levels during the pandemic

• Do not seem to be declining

panic disorders

• Person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread and often lives in fear of when the next attack may strike

• Fear of reexperiencing

• Symptom: nausea, hypertension, lack of air, heart beating

specific phobias

Person experiences a persistent, irrational fear, and avoidance of a specific object, activity or situation

gephyrophobia

fear of bridges

major depressive disorder (MDD)

• Experiencing 5 or more symptoms for more than 2 weeks

• MUST INCLUDE depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure

• Difficulty with decision making and concentration

major depressive disorder (MDD) symptoms

• Feeling hopelessness

• Poor self esteem

• Reduced energy levels

• Problems regulating sleep

• Problems regulating appetite

In past year, about 10% of Americans have diagnosable depression

Feeling depressed is #1 reason people seek treatment

persistent depressive disorder

mildly depressed mood (necessary) for at least 2 years (plus 2 other symptoms)

learned helplessness Martin Seligman

• Dog in electrified cage at first not able to escape the impending shock

• Later, all they had to do waws cross to the other side but they did not even try

• The dogs had learned they were "helpless" to avoid the shock and just sat there and took it without trying to escape

gender and depression

Females twice as likely to be depressed

PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with the patient's emotional switches during bipolar disorders

• During depression

• Slowed brain activity

• Less active left frontal lobe

• Scarcity of norepinephrine and serotonin

bipolar disorder

Person alternates between hopelessness and lethargy of depression and mania

mania

euphoria, wildly energetic, excessively optimistic

Demographics often influence prevalence, no effect on sex, there IS an age difference in bipolar disorder

common in younger people

pandemic effect

• 28% increase in major depression

• 26% increase in anxiety

• You can have both

• Greater than 1 disorder, comorbid

• Psychological distress due to fear of infection, consequences of isolation, economic turmoil, confusion and uncertainty

what is a psychotic “break”

• An individual loses touch with reality

• Disruptions in thoughts and perception

• Psychosis is not a diagnosable condition in itself

• Could be a symptom of schizophrenia, severe bipolar disorder, or severe depression

schizophrenia

Disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression

delusion

 a false belief or judgment about external reality, held despite incontrovertible evidence to contrary

positive schizophrenia symptoms

•  symptoms that are present and should not be there

• Example are hallucinating visually, hallucinating audibly, delusional thinking, disorganized speech and behavior, and agitated or repetitive movements

negative schizophrenia symptoms

• lack of symptoms that should be there

• Examples are flat or blunted affect, isolation, apathy, anergia (lack of energy), anhedonia, reduced speech