BIOCHEM - Protein Turnover

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29 Terms

1

genetic code

the relationship between the sequence of bases in DNA and the sequence of amino acids in proteins

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2

codon

three nucleotides that encode an amino acid

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3

mitochondria

which part of the cell has a distinct set of tRNAs that allow for different coding than the rest of the cell?

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4

simple hypothesis

hypothesis model that suggests that only one anticodon can recognize only one codon in tRNA codon recognition

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5

wobble hypothesis

hypothesis model that suggests that there is flexibility in tRNA recognition due to the fact that on tRNA can recognize multiple codons

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6

inosine

maximizes the number of codons that can be read by a particular tRNA molecule

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7

10,000

errors in translation are one error in _____ amino acids

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8

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

enzyme that activates amino acids into their active form to be attached to a tRNA

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9

aminoacyl-AMP

the active form of amino acids that can be attached to tRNAs

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10

aminoacyl-tRNA

an aminoacyl-AMP attached to tRNA forms _____

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11

2

how many amino acids are consumed in the synthesis of each aminoacyl-tRNA?

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12

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

what are the actual translators of the genetic code?

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13

ribosomes

molecular machines that coordinate the interplay between aminoacyl-tRNA, mRNA, and proteins that result in protein synthesis

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14

50S

what is the large ribosome subunit?

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15

30S

what is the small ribosome subunit?

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16

70S

what is the whole ribosome referred to as?

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17

proteins and RNA

what are ribosomes made up of?

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18

RNA

what are the catalytic sites in ribosomes completely composed of?

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19

polyribosome

a group of ribosomes bound to an mRNA

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20

AUG (methionine)

what is the start codon that begins the polypeptide chain?

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21

shine-delgarno sequences

upstream nucleotides that facilitate mRNA binding and are untranslated regions (UTRs)

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22

initiation factors

what initiate translation and start assembling the ribosome subunits to eventually get 70S?

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23

A and E

which sites are empty when the elongation phase starts?

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24

EF-Tu

what delivers the aminoacyl-tRNA to the A site, protects it from hydrolysis, and contributes to the accuracy of protein synthesis?

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25

accommodation

EF-Tu induces a conformational change that places the aminoacyl-tRNA at the P and A sites to promote peptide bond formation

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26

EF-Ts

what induces the release of GDP from EF-Tu and resets the cycle for the next aminoacyl-tRNA?

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27

N terminus to C terminus (amino- to carboxyl-terminal)

what direction does synthesis occur?

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28

release factors (RF)

termination of synthesis occurs via _____ that read the stop codons

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29

secretory pathway

where proteins are translated in the endoplasmic reticulum

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