Bio anth 3

What is a primate? Name some physical characteristics

is a mammal

1. physical characteristics:

2. Convergent orbits

3. Postorbital bar

4. Flattened nails on most digits

5. Long, dexterous, grasping digits

6. Opposable pollex and hallux

7. Petrosal auditory bullae (middle ear is encased solely by the petrosal bone)

*Only trait that is exclusively exhibited by primates

other:

Have Fingerprints!

Mimetic Muscles (Facial Muscles)-use complex facial communication

Geographic range of extant vs. extinct primates (where do we find evidence of them in

the past vs. today)

Living Primates are Mostly Tropical Creatures With Notable Exceptions

past fossil ranges show a wider sidtrbution, which has srunk over time due to envornmental factors

species that adapt to “edd and flow”(are flexible) tend to survive

Primate habitat diversity

closer to the equator (forest) tropical rainforest, secondaary forest, (savanna)forest oulier, (steepe) acaias and shrubs, (desert)

Gibbons →Gibbons Colobus Monkeys→ Patas Monkeys→Hamadryas Baboons

Niche stratification

niche stratification across different environment (rainforest, savanna) and and substrates (ground, lower trees, high tress)

Niche space can be partitioned vertically between sympatric primate species in tropical forests

Habitat use

Day Range vs. Home Range

Day Range- most heavily vistited areas and overall observed range

Core Area- areas they tend to stay close to

actuvuty patterns assessed through daily activity (calling, traveling, resting, feeding)

Primate activity can be categorized and is influenced by social and ecological factors

*Diurnal (day) nocturna (night) crepuscular (dawn/dusk)

-siamangs notavly send significant time calling

Primate Locomotion

Typical Primate Locomotor Patterns (from most common to least common) The Intermembral Index: Arm Length/Leg Length X 100 <100 = Leaper/bipedal

~100 = Quadrupedal >100 = Brachiating

<Quadrupedalism:

*Arboreal quadruped- intermembral Index: ~100

Small to medium body size

Relatively long digits

Relatively long tails,

*terrestrial quadruped- intermembral Index: ~100

Medium to large body size

Relatively short digits

Reduced range of motion in shoulder

Tails often relatively short, but can be long

*knucklewalker-Intermembral Index: >100

Very specialized (Pan and Gorilla)

Large body size (~ 42–175 kg)

Wide range of motion in shoulder

No tails

<Leaper:

*Arboreal Terrestrial

*suspensory

- Quadrumanus: general brachiator, *Knuckle Walking

Intermembral Index: >>100

Very specialized (Pongo)

Large body size (~ 35–77 kg)

Wide range of motion in shoulder and hips

Long curved digits with increased grasping capability

No tail

-Brachiation:intermembral Index: >>100

Very specialized (Hylobates)

Medium body size

Extreme range of motion in shoulder with specialized wrist joint

Long curved digits with increased grasping capability

No tail

*Leaping

intermembral Index: << 100

Small to Medium body size

Specializations in ankle joint

Medium and Long tails

*Clinging and Leaping

Intermembral Index: << 100

Small body size

Specializations in ankle joint (especially tarsiers)

Medium and Long tails

bipedal -Temporary Habitual in most primates except humans

Feeding adaptations

Strepsirrhines vs. haplorrhines

Strepsirrhini- Lemurs, Lorises & Galagos

tend to be nocturnal, have larger olfactory centers in the brain, and exhibit a smaller size and smaller brain than anthropoids. Haplorhines, with a few exceptions, are diurnal, and depend more on their vision.

Haplorrhini Platyrrhini Tarsiers - NWM / Catarrhini : Cercopithecoidea-OWM Hominoidea- Humans & Apes

Haplorhines have a larger body size, a larger brain, a decreased sense of smell, and a greater reliance on vision than Strepsirhines. They also have longer gestation and maturation periods, increased parental care, and more mutual grooming, among other traits, compared to the Strepsirhines.

The Strepsirrhines

• The Strepsirrhine Families

Galagidae: Sub-Saharan Africa

Lorisidae: Central Africa, India & SE Asia

• Strepsirrhine Distribution Lorises: Sub Saharan Africa, Southern India, SE Asia, Indonesia Galagos: Sub Saharan Africa Lemurs: Madagasca

• Diagnostic Traits: 1. wet Rhinarium (nose): airboen chmicals physically attatch to the nose, ading navigating navigarion and communication similar to a dog 2. post orbital bar simple bony bar behind the eye not full closure 3. tapetum lucidum refelctive membrane in retina increases night vision effectivness 4. grooming claw: on the second digit of the foot (plesiomorphic claw 5. tooth comb lower incisor abd canines line up parallel used for grooming 6. dental formula 2133 7. unfused mandibular symphsis misline on mandible does not completly fuse 8. unfused frontal bone 9. uterus bicornuate 2 chambers associated with more offspring 10. elongated rostrum (snout) houses intricate canal system for olfactory communication. lacrimal on snout vs. eye

Ring Tailed Lemur-Olfactory behavior

Male ring-tailed lemur scent glands located near the base of the tail, Male ring-tailed lemur carpal spur, ex Male ring-tailed lemurs scar saplings with carpal spurs and lay

scent throughout their environment , Male ring-tailed lemurs anointing their tails with

pheromones from their sternal glands, The tail, coated in scent, is waved in the face of opponents or in the face of a female that he is attempting to copulate with

Female ring-tailed lemurs lay scent throughout their environment using ano-genital glands aided by an elongated clitoris

Tarsier

Older Taxonomies:

Prosimians, Anthropoids, and

Tarsiers

• Arboreal

• Noctural / Crepuscular

• Clingers and Leapers

• Carnivorous (lizards & bugs)

• 115 g

• Monogamous

• Largest eyes relative to body

mass of any mammal

• Long navicular and calcaneus

• Live in Indonesia

• Dental Formula 2133/ 1133

• HAPLORRHINES

Tarsier eyes are as

big as their brains

Strep-Like Qualities:

• Unfused Mandibular

Symphysis

• Nocturnality

• Grooming Claw

• Multiple Mammae

Hap-Like Qualities:

• Dry Noses

• No Toothcomb

• No Tapetum Lucidum

• Reduced Olfactory

Bulbs

Parapithecids vs. Propliopithecids Genetic and morphological relationships to extant primates (hint dental formula

helps)

Parapithecids: first real “monkeys”

Propliopithecids Aegyptopithecus 2 – 1 – 2 – 3 and Parapithecids Apidium 2 – 1 – 3 – 3

Platyrrhine characteristics and geography (Atelidae)

New World Monkeys more recently closer to the equator. past further away/ below the equator

2-1-3-3 Dentition

Zygomatic-Parietal Contact

No bony ear tube

Smaller Body Size (< 25 lbs.)

All Predominantly Arboreal

Nostrils point outward

Some have prehensile tails

Catarhine Characteristics and geography (Old World Monkey’s and Apes)

Old World Monkeys (& Apes)

2-1-2-3 Dentition

Frontal-Sphenoid Contact

Bony ear tube

Species over 25 lbs. (like you)

Several Terrestrial Species

Nostrils point downward

No species with prehensile tails

apes/ Hominoid

Orangutans Gorillas Bonobos Chimpanzees Humans

Hominoid Diagnostic Traits

Simple Teeth: Y-5 Molars

• Spatulate Incisors

• Dorsally Placed Scapulae

• Mobile Shoulder Joint

• Shorter Trunk

• Larger Brains

• Larger Body Size

• No Tail

The Orangutans/ Ponginae

Malay: orang- “person”; hutan- “forest Three Species: Pongo pygmaeus (Borneo)

Pongo abelii (Sumatra) Pongo tapanuli (Sumatra) Island populations diverged ~ 500,000 yrs. ago Critically

Endangered Projected to go extinct in the wild in about 50 years

Arboreal

• Suspensory Locomotion

• Frugivorous with Leaves and Shoots

• Solitary

• Females: 40 – 50 kg; Males: 60 – 90 kg

• Crenulated Molars

• Air Sacs for Vocalizations in Males

• Large, fully mature males have cheek flanges

• Bimaturism Secondary Sexual

Characteristic

Orangutan Bimaturism

• Potentially more common in Sumatran species

• Linked to testosterone levels

• Related to two distinct mating strategies

• Not related to age or sexual maturity

• Still somewhat of a mystery

Flanged Male and un flanged male

Gorillas

Western: Gorilla gorilla

Eastern: Gorilla beringei

Terrestrial

• Knuckle Walker

• Herbivorous

• Great Sexual Dimorphism

• Females: 90 kg; Males: 165 kg

• Largest Living Primate

• Single-Male Polygyny

• Mature Males Become “Silverbacks”

• Males rarely use their awesome strength

No bimaturism in gorillas

• Males go silver with age

Homininae:

Tribe: Panini

Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes

Terrestrial and Arboreal

• Knuckle Walkers

• Omnivorous

• Some Sexual Dimorphism

• Females: 30 kg; Males: 40 kg

Bonobo Pan paniscus

Polygynous

• Male Philopatry

• Balding Common in Females

• Bonobos: “Leaner” with “Rounder Heads”

• Tool Us

Fruit can make up to ~70% of chimpanzee and bonobo diets

Homo sapiens

Bipedal, large-brained, cultural primates

• Physically variable despite low degree of

genetic variation

• Behaviorally flexible with clear insights to

be gained from non-human primates and

human evolutionary history

Why Humans Evolved: Darwins Hunting Hypothesis, Patchy Forest, Provisioning

Hypothesis

Darwin’s Hunting Hypothesis

Bipedality freed humans to hunt

Canines no longer needed

Rejected, canines decrease before tools

Patchy Forest Hypothesis

Greater efficiency with bipedality

Feed in trees and on ground

Provisioning Hypothesis

Males would provision females and offspring

Allows females to care for more than one infant

Addresses bipedality, cooperation, monogamy & pair

bonding

Where Humans Evolved:

out of Africa Hypothesis (Replacement Model)

Multiregional Hypothesis

Environmental Hypothesis

Characteristics of bipedalism

centeraly placed foragnum magnum

s curved spine

low wide illum medially angeles distal femur

platform like talus

Early hominins When and where were they found, diagnostic traits, derived and retained

characteristics, tools (if any) trends

o Names fossils: Lucy, Little Foot, Taung Child

Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Orrorin

tugenensis, Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus anamensis, Australopithecus

afarensis, Kenyanthropus platyops, Australopithecus africansus, Homo habilis, and

robust Paranthopithecus aethiopithecus, P. robustus, P boisei.

Hominin Sites: When, where, who (hominin) is associated with it, what makes it

important (this may be the fossils found there)

Olduvai Gorge, Hadar, Koobi Fora,

Laetoli,

People and sites/fossils we associate them with for their finding:

Mary and Louise Leakey (and the whole family)-Olduvai Gorge, Paranthrobus boisei/robustus,

Laetoli footprints

Donald Johanson: Australopithecus afarensis-the fossil “Lucy”

Raymond Dart: Described the Taung Child in 1925

Jane Goodall-Primate behavior, conservation, and tool use in non-human primates

characters for Potassium Argon what do we use this for in paleoanthropology?

K–Ar dating, is a radiometric dating method used in geochronology and archaeology. method of determining the time of origin of rocks by measuring the ratio of radioactive argon to radioactive potassium in the rock. This dating method is based upon the decay of radioactive potassium-40 to radioactive argon-40 in minerals and rocks; potassium-40 also decays to calcium-40.

once a rock cools and solidifies, argon gas produced by the decay of potassium is trapped within it. By measuring the ratio of potassium-40 to argon-40, researchers can calculate the time elapsed since the rock solidified.

Tool Technology: What is a manuport? What is an opportunistic tool?

Olduwan tool kit (cobbles, choppers, hammerstones, flakes)

a natural object that has been deliberately taken from its original environment and relocated without further modification.