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Chinese Exclusion Act
1882
Banned immigrants coming from Asia
Prohibited Chinese already in the country to become naturalized American citizens
Dawes Act
1887
Broke up Tribal Land
Attempted to promote assimilation by encouraging the division of tribal lands into 160 acre homesteads
Homestead Act
1862
Act would give 160 acres of free land in western territories to farm on to those who migrated west
Land would be terrible for farming because it had a harsh/dry cold climate
Transcontinental Railroad
In 1856 - 35,000 miles of track
1900 - 193,000 miles of track
Government subsidies for railroad
Linked the East and West coast of America
Allowed migrants to come to America, along with promoting economic growth
Symbolized American industry and economic achievement
Plessy v Fergunson
Supreme court ruling in 1896
Upheld legality of Jim Crow legislation
Provided black and white people separate but “equal” facilities
As long as these facilities were in place Jim Crow Laws would not be considered a violation of the 14th amendment
Jim Crow Laws
State and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States, enacted from the late 19th century until the civil rights movement.
Andrew Carnegie
Entrepreneur
Major impact on the Industrial Age
Created steel
Utilized the Bessemer Process
Utilized the Vertical integration method
Buying all levels of production for a company, would lessen the cost
Became the largest industrial company in the world
John Rockefeller
Refined Oil
Was at first a light source, later used as fuel
Utilized Horizontal integration
Buys out all of the oil refinements (monopoly)
Standard oil controlled 90% of oil refinement
Trust/monopoly
Sherman Anti trust Act
Law enacted in 1890
Banned monopolies & business practices restraining free trade or fixed prices in interstate or foreign commerce
First congressional legislation to address problems of trusts
Prohibited trusts/combinations that restricted free trade
Horizontal Integration
A business strategy where a company increases its production of goods or services at the same part of the supply chain, often by acquiring or merging with competitors. Used by John D Rockefeller to dominate the oil industry.
Vertical Integration
A business strategy where a company controls multiple stages of production or distribution within the same industry, often by acquiring suppliers or distributors. This approach allows companies to reduce costs and improve efficiency. Used by Andrew Carnegie to dominate the steel industry.
Gospel of Wealth
Published by Andrew Carneige in 1889
Argued that the rich should protect and build their community rather than using their income for their own benefit
Benefitting their community by creating public libraries, community centers, rather than into charity.
Social Darwinism
A theory that applies the concept of natural selection to human societies, suggesting that the strong should dominate the weak. It was often used to justify social inequality and imperialism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Brought up by Charles Darwin
Was used to justify economic inequality, racism, imperialism, and hostility to federal government regulation.
American Federation of Labor
A national federation of labor unions in the United States founded in 1886, focusing on skilled workers and advocating for better wages, hours, and working conditions.
“New Immigration”
After 1880/90 (early 20th century)
Mostly from Southeastern Europe
Italy, Russia, Poland, Austria, & Greece
Non Protestant (Catholic, Jewish, etc)
Many lived in cities and worked in factories (NE & Mid-west)
Many settled permanently for temporary or work
Ethnic Developments
Such as cities surrounding the culture (Italy town), markets, etc
Tenements
Constructed in 1850
Multifamily apartment building
Housed poor urban dwellers
Tenements were crowded, uncomfortable and dangerous.
Many of the tenements contained safety violations which was inspired by government regulations regarding housing safety
Political machines
Urban political organization
These machines would provide organizations and funding to provide services to the urban poor/immigrants
Used to gain votes
Fostered crime, corruption, and inefficiency that manipulated electoral processes and maintained power through various illegal means.
Used Patronage and Bribery to secure loyalty and influence city governance.
Tammany Hall
New York's political machine
Soon became a byword for political corruption and favoritism
got funding for a lavish three story courthouse, but remained unbuilt when Boss Tweed (leader of the Tammany Hall) got arrested for fraud charges
Social Gospel of Wealth
Application of Christian principles to social problems
Their reforms sought to change the individual rather than larger social structures and their impact
Religious movement
Supported civil service reform, anti monopoly regulation, income tax legislation, factory inspection laws, and workers right to strike
Inspired many progressive reformers but were deemed ineffectual
Settlement houses\ Jane Adams
First settlement house “Hull House” created by Jane Adams
Used as a first step to civilization for poor urbans/ immigrants
Offered services to the community
Sewing, day care, cooking, secretarial classes, neighborhood playgrounds, counseling sessions, and meeting rooms for labor unions
Yellow Journalism
newspapers would share what is known as “tombstones”, meaning boring old stories. Yellow journalism would exaggerate and create an excitement in stories local to those reading. It would be used to provoke emotions amongst the readers.
Gilded age
1870s to 1890s
Rapid industrialization, urbanization, immigrant, but also corruption
Pros
Growth of business & industrialization
New Technologies, infrastructure and architecture
Increased wealth
Philanthropy
Cons
Poor working conditions in factories
Unsanitary
Low wages
Unfair hours
Patronage
Populism
A political movement that emerged in the late 19th century in the United States, primarily representing the interests of farmers and laborers who felt marginalized by the economic and political elite. It sought to address issues such as economic inequality, monopolistic practices, and the lack of political representation for ordinary citizens.
Trust
A combination of firms or corporate entities formed by a legal agreement to control prices and reduce competition.
