A/P Unit 7

respiratory system

-filters, warms, humidifies air

-provides oxygen to blood so it can be delivered to bodily tissues

-removes carbon dioxide waste

-physiological buffer for acid-base balance

-excretes water, olfactory sensation, voice production

upper tract

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

lower tract

trachea, lungs

upper structures

soft/hard palate, epiglottis, sinuses, nasal meatuses, naso/oro/laryngopharynx

facial/paranasal sinuses

frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary

lower structures

right lung (3 lobes), left lung (2), primary/secondary/tertiary bronchus

trachea

lined with respiratory epithelium (ciliated), hyaline cartilage protects airway while swallowing, trachealis muscle connects tracheal cartilage

uvula

blocks food from going into nose

larynx

6 cartilages (epiglottis, thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform)

blood pH

7.35-7.45

bronchioles

air passageways

conducting zone

provide route for incoming/outgoing air, removes debris and pathogens, warm/humidifies air, NO gas exchange (includes nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole)

respiratory zone

alveoli exchange respiratory gases between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries

respiratory membrane

border between alveolus and pulmonary capillary

external respiration

gas exchange across respiratory membrane

internal respiration

gas exchange between systemic capillary and tissue cell

inspiration

external intercostals and diaphragm contracts, chest wall and lungs expand, sternum moves upward and outward

expiration

external intercostals relax, internal intercostals and abdominals contract for active expiration, diaphragm relaxes, chest cavity and lungs contract, ribs/sternum depress

tidal volume

amount of air in/out of lungs with a normal respiratory cycle

total lung capacity

maximum volume of air lungs can accomodate

vital capacity

greatest volume of air that can be expired after taking the deepest inspiration possible

residual volume

volume of air in lungs after maximum forceful expiration

inspiratory capacity

amount of air that can be inhaled after normal expiration

functional residual capacity

volume of air present in lungs at the end of normal expiration

inspiratory reserve volume

amount of extra air inhaled above tidal volume during forceful or deep inhalation

expiratory reserve volume

amount of extra air above normal volume exhaled during forceful expiration

respiratory rate

controlled by medulla/pons

urinary system

produces urine to rid body of wastes, maintain pH by excreting H+, regulates water excretion which impacts BP, produces RBCs

kidney

filters blood to form urine, produce renin, and attach to posterior wall of abdomen

hilum

medial indentation

nephron

functional unit, mainly in cortical region (renal corpuscle, Bowman capsule, glomerulus)

renal pyramids

found in medulla, comprised of collecting ducts from many nephrons, empty into calyces which converge on renal pelvis

renal artery

brings blood to kidney from abdominal aorta, enters at hilum, afferent arterioles bring blood to nephron

renal vein

allows blood to exit kidney at hilum, receives blood from cortex, efferent arterioles drain blood from nephron

renal tubule

extends from corpuscle (proximal to loop of Henle to distal to collecting duct), “tweaks” filtrate through reabsorption, secretion

renal corpuscle

produces filtrate by filtering blood

juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

macula densa (thick/ascending), between afferent and efferent arterioles of same nephron, mesangial cells in triangular region, bound by afferent arteriole/efferent/macula densa (give abbr too)

micturition (urination)

stretch receptors send info to brain to perceive need to urinate, motor command to detrusor muscle=expulsion

vasodilation

lowers blood pressure

vasoconstriction

increases blood flow

ureters

fill bladder with urine from the bottom via trigone so it does not explode

digestive system

breaks down food mechanically and chemically, absorbs nutrients out of digestive tract into bloodstream

alimentary canal

tube through which food passes from mouth to anus

accessory structures

aid in digestive process (teeth, tongue, smooth muscle, salivary glands, gastric glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder)

mechanical digestion

physical, involves chewing, swallowing, churning, peristalsis

chemical digestion

uses enzymes in digestive juices

carbohydrates

become simple sugars/monosaccharides, such as glucose

proteins

broken into amino acids

lipids

broken into fatty acids

oral cavity

mastication, teeth/tongue, salivary glands release amylase and lipase

bolus

food mixed with saliva

pharynx

swallows, deglutition by smooth muscle

peristalsis

propels bolus with wave like smooth muscle contraction

stomach

uses peristalsis, churns, gastric juice releases pepsin

chyme

bolus mixed with gastric juices

pepsin

breaks protein into amino acids

small intestine

propels through duodenum (receives amylase, lipase, protease from pancreatic juices, bile from liver for fat), then jejunum, ileum, villi increase surface area

large intestine

propels, bacterial flora break down “undigestible” products (collagen, cellulose, fiber), flora produced in appendix

absorption

majority occurs in small intestine, moves molecules into blood, large intestine absorbs mostly water

defecation

fecal matter builds up in rectum, stretch receptors receive sensation

emesis

urge comes from medulla