bio 142 animal/anat

Blastula

Hollow ball of cells formed in early animal development

Gastrula

Forms during gastrulation

How does gastrulation work

Blastula folds inward and creates germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)

Features of geologic eras

• old Paleozoic = largest mass extinction

• Mid Mesozoic = dinosaurs, small mammals, birds survive big bang

• Now Cenozoic = diversified mammals, colder climates

Protostomes vs deuterostomes

Protostomes - initial opening (blastopore) becomes mouth

Deuterostomes - blastopore becomes anus

Coelem

Fluid filled cavity lined by mesoderm tissue

Basic animal phylogeny

Animal

Multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers

Types of symmetry

Radial symmetry - can be cut from any angle

Bilateral symmetry -

Major tissue types + function

Epithelial tissue - lines insides/outsides of organs and systems (protect)

Connective tissue - binds, supports, and connects

Muscle tissue - gives movement

Nervous tissue - transits information/communication network of body

How does surface area affect the function of body systems

Endotherm vs ectotherm vs poikliotherm vs homeotherm

Endotherm - internal metabolism regulates body temp

Ectotherms - relies on external heat sources

Poikliotherm - body temp varies with environment

Homeotherm - maintains relatively constant body temp

Morphological mechanisms for thermoreg

Physical body features that manage heat exchange

• insulation = feathers, blubber

• Surface area/body shape = large ears dissipate heat

• Coloration - dark colors absorb sunlight/ light colors reflect

Physiological mechanisms for thermoreg

Involuntary internal changes to body to regulate temp

• vasodilation = increase blood flow, releases heat, blood vessels dialate

• Vasoconstriction = reduces blood flow, conserves heat, blood vessels constrict

• Evaporative cooling = sweating/panting use evaporation to carry heat away

• Thermogenesis = increasing metabolic heat production (shivering) or using brown fat (non-shivering thermogenesis)

Behavioral mechanisms for thermoreg

Conscious movements animals make to regulate temp

• basking = sitting in sun to absorb heat

• Burrowing/shade = hiding in cooler areas to avoid overheating

• Migration

What is a positive feedback loop

Amplifies a stimulus

What is a negative feedback loop

Counteracts a stimulus to return to a point

Basal vs standard metabolic rates

Basal - minimum energy required for resting endotherm at a comfortable temp

Standard - minimum energy required for resting ectotherm at specific temp

Types of torpor

• hibernation = needed body temp lowers greatly and body rates slow bc of food scarcity

• Summer torpor = water conservation, avoids heat stress bc of high temp and supply scarcity

• Daily torpor = temporary torpor to conserve energy during non foraging hours

Types of essential nutrients and ingestion

AA’s, fatty acid, vitamins, minerals

Essential amino acids

Essential fatty acids

Vitamins

Minerals

Different portions of the alimentary canal and functions

Various modifications to and methods of regulating the digestive system

What is peristalsis and what is it used for

Alternating waves of contraction and relaxation to move food thru alimentary canal

Significance of duodenum

First part of small intestine, where most enzymatic digestion occurs

Know the different types of nitrogenous wastes and the animals that produce them

Ammonia - aquatic animals

Urea - mammals, amphibians, sharks

Uric acid - birds, reptiles, insects

Understand the osmoregulatory and excretory adaptations that animals who inhabit different ecosystems have developed

Know basics of kidney function and how the counter current multiplier system works

The difference between osmolarity and tonicity

The basic osmoregulatory differences between marine and freshwater animals

Understand major types of circulatory systems and their hearts

Know the basics of the mammalian blood flow pathway

Understand the structural differences between arteries, capillaries, and veins as well as the directions they carry blood in

Arteries - blood AWAY from heart

Veins - blood toward heart

Capillaries - vessels where gas and nutrient exchange occur

The relationship between the lymphatic and cardiovascular systems

Know the different types of respiratory systems and breathing

Know the mechanics that control breathing in humans

The challenge of water breathing vs breathing in humans

The mucus elevator and surfactants

Cilia in respiratory tract pushes mucus/trapped particles upwards to pharynx to be swallowed or spit out

Tidal volume, vital capacity, and residual volume

Tidal volume - air inhaled and exhaled in a normal breath

Vital capacity - max volume of air that can be exhaled after max inhale

Residual volume - leftover air in lungs after forced exhale

Understand the different types of intercellular communication

Paracrine -

Autocrine -

Neuroendocrine -

Endocrine -

Synaptic -

Know the different classes of hormones and their mechanics

Know what a “hormone cascade” is

Pathway when initial hormone stimulates release series of other hormones

Pheromones and allelochemicals

Pheromones - chemical communication within species

Allelochemicals - communication between different species

Lipid vs water soluble

Lipid solu - goes towards and effects nucleus, signal transduction pathway

Water solu - unassisted, causes response in cytosal,