Biology Chapter 7 Test

Test Date: Dec. 17th

Cell

Cell

smallest unit of structure and function in all living things

Cell theory (1/3)

all living things are made of cells

Cell theory (2/3)

cells are the basic unit of structure and function in all living organisms

Cell theory (3/3)

new cells are produced from existing cells

Eukaryotes (eukaryotic)

have DNA contained within a nucleus

Prokaryotes (prokaryotic)

do not have their DNA contained within a nucleus

Cell membrane (1/4)

consists of a double layer called the lipid layer

Cell membrane (2/4)

regulates what enters and what leaves the cell

Cell membrane (3/4)

protects and supports the cell

Cell membrane (4/4)

is selectively permeable

selectively permeable

some substances can pass through while others cannot

Cell Wall

is found external to the membrane

Cytoplasm

the fluid portion of the cell

vacuoles

store water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

vesicles (1/2)

stores and moves materials between cell organelles

vesicles (2/2)

also moves materials to and from the cell membrane

Lysosomes (1/3)

small and filled with enzymes

Lysosomes (2/3)

break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell

Lysosomes (3/3)

break down organelles that have outlived their usefulness

cytoskeleton (1/2)

maintains the shape and internal organization of the cell

cytoskeleton (2/2)

helps to transport materials between different parts of the cell

centrioles (1/2)

found in only animal cells

centrioles (2/2)

help organize cell division

cilia (cilium) (1/2)

short hair-like

cilia (cilium) (2/2)

used for cell movement

flagella (flagellum) (1/2)

long, whip-like

flagella (flagellum) (2/2)

used for cell movement

ribosomes (1/2)

small particles of RNA and protein

ribosomes (2/2)

the site of protein assembly

rough endoplasmic reticulum (1/2)

chemically modifies the proteins

rough endoplasmic reticulum (2/2)

is abundant in cells that produce proteins for export

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

contains collections of enzymes that perform specialized tasks including membrane synthesis and detoxification of drugs

Golgi Apparatus

modify, sorts, and package proteins, etc. for storage

mitochondria (mitochondrion)

convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use

Cellular Respiration

the process that releases the energy from the food in the presence of oxygen

chloroplasts (1/2)

found in photosynthetic autotrophs

chloroplasts (2/2)

capture energy from sunlight and convert it into food (sugars) that contains energy

Photosynthesis

uses the energy from sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high energy sugars and oxygen

Nucleus (1/2)

contains nearly all of the cells DNA

Nucleus (2/2)

controls cells activities

Chromatin (1/2)

long, thin strands of DNA and protein

Chromatin (2/2)

exists in this form when the cell is NOT dividing

Chromosomes (1/2)

coiled, rod shaped packages of DNA and protein

Chromosomes (2/2)

exists in this form when the cell IS dividing

Nucleolus (1/2)

an area of condensed chromatin

Nucleolus (2/2)

involved in ribosome synthesis

Passive Transport

the movement of a substance across a cell membrane WITHOUT the use of cellular energy

What are the 3 types if Passive Transport?

Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, Osmosis

Diffusion

the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Osmosis

the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane via aquaporins

Active Transport

movement of molecules that requires cellular energy

What are the 4 types of Active Transport?

Endocytosis, Exocytosis, Pinocytosis, Phagocytosis

Endocytosis

process of taking materials into the cell by infolding or pockets in the cell membrane

Exocytosis

waste and cell products are packaged in vesicles and released from the cell

Phagocytosis

movement of solids

Pinocytosis

movement of liquids

Within a living organism there are 5 levels of organization: (simple to complex)

cell — tissue — organ — organ system — organism

Hypotonic Solution

any solution that has a lower concentration of a dissolved substance than to which it is being compared

Hypertonic Solution

any solution that has a greater concentration of a dissolved substance than to which it is being compared

Isotonic Solution

any solution that has the same concentration of dissolved substance as to which it is being compared