A&P final

diaphragm

main muscle of inspiration

diaphragm, external intercostals, pectoralis minor

muscles of inspiration

internal intercostal and abdominal muscles

muscles of expiration

elastic recoil

allows lungs to contract during quiet breathing

hydrogen ions

main stimulus for the central chemoreceptors

tidal volume

volume of air during quiet breathing (500ML)

vital capacity

TV + IRV + ERV about 4800 ml males and 3100 ml females

inspiratory center

sets basic rate of breathing in medulla oblongata

Boyles Law

states volume and pressure are inverse proportion to each other

Henrys Law

states diffusion is based on partial pressure and how soluble a gas is

Daltons Law

the law of partial pressure

surfactant secreting cell

reduces surface tension (type II cell)

pleural cavity

contains the lungs, lined by parietal pleura

carbonic anhydrase

enzyme that converts CO2 and H2O into H2CO3: most important enzyme in respiration

respiratory membrane

composed of two layers of simple squamous and basement membranes

atmopheric pressure

760 mmHg at sea level: force that pushes air into lungs during inhalation

simple squamous epithelium

type I alveolar cell. thin epithelial tissue

intra-pleural pressure

pressure that is always negative. more negative during inhalation

heme

iron containing part of hemoglobin that O2 attaches to

primary bronchi

bronchus that go to each lung

secondary bronchi

bronchus to each lobe of the lung

alveolar duct

duct that leads to the alveoli

alveolar sacs

the air sacs where most O2/CO2 exchange occurs

hylem

part of lung where artery/vein/primary bronchus enter

intra-pulmonary pressure

pressure inside alveoli: negative during inspiration/positive exhalation

Hering/Breuer reflex

prevents over inflation of lung

Alveoli PO2

104 mmHg PO2

alveoli and pulmonary vein PCO2

40 mmHg PCO2

pulmonary artery PO2

40 mmHg PO2

pulmonary artery PCO2

45 mmHg PCO2

Bohr effect

CO2 loading causes O2 unloading (at the tissues: internal respiration)

Haldane effect

O2 loading cause CO2 unloading (at the alveoli: external respiration)

pleural membranes

visceral and parietal pleura

lack of surfactant

respiratory distress of newborn is caused by

trans-pulmonary pressure to \= 0

pneumothorax causes:

mouth

digestion of starches by Amylase

stomach

digestion of proteins by enzyme Pepsin

small intestine

major site of digestion, and absorption of nutrients

large intestine

removal of water and final part of digestive system. Bacterial Flora

liver

produces bile, detoxification of blood, metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, protein

gall bladder

storage and concentration of bile until secretion

pancreas

secretes major part of digestive enzymes: Lipase, Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Amylase

stomach

production of HCl, Pepsin, start of protein digestion

entero-endeocrine cells

produce the hormones Gastrin, Secretin, GIP, VIP, CCK

parietal cells of the stomach

produce HCl and Intrinsic factor

chief cells of the stomach

produce Pepsinogen (inactive form of Pepsin)

hepatocytes

liver cells are also called

liver cells (hepatocytes)

produce bile

cephalic, gastric, intestinal

three phases of digestion

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

parts of small intestine

caecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal

parts of large intestine

pulmonary hypertension

MPAP greater than 25 mmHg

pulmonary arterial hypertension

MPAP greater than 25 mmHg and PCWP/LVEDP less than 15 mmHg

pulmonary venous hypertension

PCWP\>12mmHg due to high left atrial pressure

\>250 dyne x sec/cm5 or 3 woods unit

PVR is what for PH and PAH

group 1

pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), idiopathic, heritable, drug/toxin induced

group 2

PH caused by left heart disease

group 3

PH caused by lung disease

group 4

chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH)

group 5

PH: miscellaneous causes

mucosa

innermost layer

esophagus

stratified squamous

stomach

simple columnar

small intestine

simple columnar with microvilli (brush border)

large intestine (colon)

simple columnar with goblet cells

anus

simple columnar that transitions to stratified squamous

muscularis interna

thin layer of smooth muscle

submucosa

areolar connective, innervated, large blood supply and lymphatics

muscularis externa

smooth muscle (limited skeletal muscle)

esophagus

upper 1/3 skeletal muscle, middle 1/3 transition to smooth muscle, lower 1/3 all smooth muscle

stomach

inner oblique, middle circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle (3 layers)

small intestine

inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle

large intestine

inner circular and partial outer longitudinal called "taenia coli"

serosa

outermost layer, composed of connect tissue and simple squamous (visceral peritoneum)

salivary glands

parietal gland, sublingual glans, submandibular gland

parietal gland

secretes amylase and mucus, major source of salivary amylase

sublingual gland

mostly secrete mucus

submandibular gland

secretes amylase and mucus

parotitis (mumps)

viral infection of parotid gland causes

parasympathetic nervous system (cranial nerves)

facial nerve VII, glossopharangeal nerve IX, vagus nerve X

facial nerve VII

innervates salivary glands, taste receptors anterior 2/3 tongue

glossopharangeal nerve IX

innervates salivary glands, involved in swallowing reflex, taste posterior tongue

vagus nerve X

innervates esophagus (swallowing) and innervates the stomach. increase digestive motility and secretion in the stomach

enteric nervous system

within the GI tract, connects with parasympathetic nerves to control digestive activity

fundus

dome shaped upper part of stomach

cardia (cardial orifice)

surrounds the lower esophageal sphincter

body

main part of the stomach

greater curvature

attached to the greater omentum

lesser curvature

attached to the lesser omentum

angular notch

incisura angularis

pylorus: antrum, canal, orifice

direct connection to the duodenum

parietal cells

secrete HCl and intrinsic factor

chief cells (zymogenic cells)

secrete pre-enzyme pepsinogen

mucosal cells

secrete mucin

Pepsin

HCl converts pepsinogen to the active form of

intrinsic factor

what is needed to absorb Vitamin B12

peptides and poly peptides

pepsin digests protein into

vagus nerve

stimulates release of HCl and Pepsinogen

caphalic phase

smell, thought of food causes beginning digestive activity via vagus nerve

gastric phase

food enters stomach. direct stimulus for continued gastric secretions