lecture 6

all living things are made up of ____ classes of ______ molecules

four, biological

four classes of biological molecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

______ are large molecules and are complex

macromolecules

macromolecules are _____ built from monomers

polymers

a polymer is a large _____ consisting of many _____ building blocks

molecule, similar

repeating units serve as ______ blocks called monomers

building

what life’s organic molecules are polymers

carbohydrates, protein, nucleic acids

______ are specialized macromolecules that speed up _______ reactions such as those that make or break down polymers

enzymes, chemical

A ________ reaction occurs when two monomers bond together through loss of a water molecule

dehydration

polymers are disassembled to monomers by _____ reverse of dehydration reaction

hydrolysis

each cell has ____ of different macromolecules

thousands

Macromolecules vary among _____ of an organism, vary within a ______, and vary more between a species

cells, species

a huge variety of _____ can be built from _____ set of monomers

polymers, small

_____ serve as fuel and ____ material

carbohydrates, building

carbohydrates include ____ and the _____ of sugars

sugars, polymers

simplest carbohydrate is a _______ or _____ ______

monosaccharide, simple sugar

______ macromolecules are polysaccharides—- _____ composed of many sugar building blocks

carbohydrate, polymers

sequences of ____ and protein products document _____ background of an organism

gene, hereditary

_____ sequences of DNA molecules passes from parents to offspring

linear

extend the concept _____ ______ relationships between species

molecular genealogy

_____ and proteomics have transformed biological inquiry and ______

genomics, applications

Genomics and proteomics ____ genes by learning base sequences

decode

analyzing ____ sets of genes or comparing ____ genomes of different species is called genomics

large, whole

_____ of large sets of proteins including sequences is called ______

analysis, proteomics

____ is single stranded

RNA

______ pairing can also occur between two RNA molecules or parts of the ____ molecule

complementary, same

Thymine is replaces by ___ so A and ___ pair

uracil, U

____ molecules have two polypeptides spiraling around an imaginary axis forming a double ____

DNA, helix

double helix arrangement referred to as ____

antiparallel

one DNA molecule includes many ____

genes

adenine pairs with ___

thymine

Guanine pairs with ____

cytosine

_____ pairing makes it possible to generate two _____ copies of each DNA molecule in a cell preparing to _____

complementary, identical, divide

_____ nucleotides are joined by phosphodiester linkage

adjacent

adjacent nucleotides consist of _____ group that links sugars of two _______

phosphate, nucleotides

adjacent nucleotides create a _____ of sugar phosphate units with ______ bases as appendages

backbone, nitrogenous

______ are linked together to build a polynucleotide

nucleotides

nucleotide = ______ + _______ group

nucleoside, phosphate

RNA sugar is

ribose

DNA sugar is

deoxyribose

Two families of nitrogenous bases

pyrimidines and purines

______(cytosine, thymine, and uracil) have a single _____ membered ring

pyrimidines, six

______ (adenine and guanine) have a six membered ring fused to a ______ membered ring

purines, five

nucleoside = _______ base + _______

nitrogenous, sugar

portion of nucleotide without phosphate group

nucleoside

each polynucleotide is made of ______ called nucleotides

monomers

polymers called _______ (component of nucleic acids)

polynucleotide

_____ provides direction for own replication

DNA

DNA directs _____ of messenger _____

synthesis, RNA

synthesis of RNA and through mRNA control of protein synthesis

gene expression

_____ acids store, transmit, and help express hereditary information

nucleic

amino acid sequence of a ______ is programmed by a unit of inheritance called a _____

polypeptide, gene

consists of DNA

gene

most proteins go through _____ stages on their way to a stable structures

several

protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins

chaperonins

affects protein structure

physical and chemical conditions

loss of native protein structure

denaturation

denatured proteins are biologically

inactive

slight change in _____ structure can affect proteins structure and ability to ______

primary, function

an inherited disorder results from a single _____ acid substitution on the protein _______

amino, hemoglobin

primary protein structure

unique sequence of amino acids

secondary protein structure

consists of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain

tertiary protein structure

determined by interactions among various side chains (R group)

Quaternary protein structure

results when a protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains

collagen

fibrous protein consisting of three polypeptides coiled like a rope

hemoglobin

globular protein consisting of four polypeptides

Specific _____ of proteins result from their intricate three dimensional structure

activities

proteins consist of one or more polypeptides precisely twisted, folded, and coiled in its ______ shape

unique

_____ of amino acids determines proteins dimensional structure

sequence

a proteins structure determines how it ____

works

function of a protein usually depends on its ability to _______ and ______ to some other molecules

recognize, bind

amino acids are linked by _____ bonds called peptide bonds

covalent

organic molecules with amino and carboxyl groups

amino acid monomers

amino acids differ in their properties due to differing side chains

r groups

function is support

structural proteins

function: response of cell the chemical stimuli

receptor proteins

function: movement

contractile and motor proteins

responsible for the undulations of cilia and flagella

motor proteins

responsible for the contraction of muscles

actin and myosin proteins

function: coordination of an organisms activities

Hormonal proteins

function: storage of amino acids

storage proteins

function: transport of substances

transport proteins

function: protection against disease

defensive proteins

function: selective acceleration of chemical reactions

enzymatic proteins

account for more than 50% of the dry mass of most cells

proteins

some proteins speed up ______ reactions

chemical

proteins are constructed from the same set of

20 amino acids

unbranched polymers built from these amino acids

polypeptides

characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

lipids

a component in animal cell membranes and a precursor from other steroids are synthesized

cholesterol

two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol

phospholipids

two fatty acid tails are ______ but the phosphate group and its attachments form a ______ head

hydrophobic, hydrophilic

fats constructed from two types of smaller molecules

glycerol and fatty acids

three carbon alcohol with hydroxyl group attached to each section

glycerol

consists of carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton

fatty acid

three fatty acids are joined to glycerol by an ester linkage creating

triacylglycerol or triglycerides

vary in length (carbons) and in the number of locations of double bonds

fatty acids

have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds

saturated fatty acids

process converting unsaturated fats by adding hydrogen

hydrogenation

humans and other mammals store long term food reserves in

adipose tissue