RXRS Midterm

Addiction

Addiction

the compulsive using of drugs in spite of terrible consequences

Drug Abuse

Timeline: tolerance ~> Dose escalation ~> psychological & physical dependence Defn: the habitual taking of addictive or illegal drugs

Angalgesic (opium poppy)

euphoric effects and pain reliever

Anodyne "Devil's apple"

a plant for relieving pain (less potent than analgesic)

Antibacterial (atun tree bark)

killing or preventing growth of bacteria

Anthelminthic (camphor)

killing and expelling intestinal worms

Antimicrobial (hollyhock)

killing microbes and bacteria

Antipyretic (absinthe)

reducing fever

Antitussive (lavender)

relieving cough

Astringent (olive leaf)

causing contraction of tissues, prevents bleeding/secretion

Carminative (mint)

facilitating cunctation of gas from stomach

Catharic (Indian cinnamon flowers)

powerful purgative

Demulcent (Valerian flower)

soothing and relieving irritation

Diuretic (St. John's Wort)

increasing the amount of urine

Expectorant (Licorice flower)

increasing fluid in bronchial secretions, aids the expulsion

Hypotensive (thyme flower)

reducing blood pressure

Psychoactive substances

influences thought or emotion through biochemical action upon the central nervous system

Perception-Altering (substance: betel nut)

-stimulates central nervous system -creates a dream like state -shaman/guide to the spirit world required (distorted perception, altered thought, varied mood)

Mood-altering

-stimulate brain reward pathways -highly prized substances due to effects -shaman/guide to the spirit world not required

Classical Hallucinogens

induce perceptual and cognitive distortions

Euphoric

producing an experience or affect of pleasure or excitement and intense feelings of well-being and happiness

Hallucinogens

produces distinct alterations in perception, sensation of space and time, and emotional stress

Psychedelic

manifest a hidden but read aspect of the mind

Dissociative

feelings of detachment from one's body; produce analgesia, amnesia, and catalepsy

Deliriants

induce a state of delirium, characterized by extreme confusion and inability to control one's actions

Entactogen

Promote feelings of emotional closeness

Entheogens

-promote mystical experiences -euphoriant drugs produce feeling of well-being -high affinity for all serotonin receptors

Stimulant

euphoric effects

Depressants

barbiturates, valium, alochol, benzodiazepines

Narcotics

-all forms of tobacco -drugs that get rid of pain and dull the senses

Aphrodisiac

love drug, increase libido

Diagnosis

art of identifying a disease; analysis of a condition

Homopoeic

portrayed living creatures or their parts that the wearer wanted to assimilate

Phylactic

protective, especially defending from disease

Apotropaic

beliefs centers arounds turning away harms or evil influences, observances were practical out of vague superstition or tradition; good luck charms, gestures (cross-fingers) and offerings

Theomorphic

form or likeness of a deity

Gloios

sweat from olympians

Performance-Enhancing Drugs

Greek athletes ingested raw animal Parts: Herbal concoctions wine potions Hallucinogens Animal hearts

Toxicomania

insane desire for poisonous or intoxicating substances

Pharmakon (Medicine & Poison)

means "drug" and can imply either "remedy" and "poison"

Evergeikos

-beneficial to health

Epivlavis

harmful to the health

Theriaka

antidote to poison

Sanguine

the blood, related to the element of air and the livers, dictated courage, hope, and love

Choleric

yellow bile -related to the element of fire and the Gall Bladder, could lead to bad temper and anger

Melancholic

Black bile, associated with the element of earth and the spleen, would lead to sleeplessness and irritation if it dominated the body

phlegmatic

phlegm, calm; sluggish; unemotional

Hygiene

Personal hygiene was a major concern in the day-to-day life of Romans

Murena

after a gladiator was killed and his body removed from the arena, munera (special vendors) would sell the still-warm blood to the crowd

Ichthyoallyeinotoxism

condition which causes hallucinogenic effects after the consumption of exotic fish

Blue Malva

blond hair -effects of hair dye

Black malva

brown hair -effects of hair dye

Madder Root

red hair -effects of hair dye

Clove

auburn hair -effects of hair dye

Anesthetics

a substance that induces insensitivity to pain

Pneuma

three vital energies; breath of life, associated with the lungs

Pneuma Zoticon

vital force, associated with circulation and cellular metabolism

Pneuma Physion

natural force which impacts the four humors

paraphernalia

equipment, apparatus, or furnishing used in or necessary for a particular activity

Hashish

concentrated resin from the Cannabis plant

Ayurveda (Ayurvedic medicine)

A comprehensive system of medicine, derived largely from ancient India, that places equal emphasis on the body, mind, and spirit, and strives to restore the body's innate harmony through diet, exercise, meditation, herbs, massage, exposure to sunlight, and controlled breathing.

Kayacikitsa

general medicine, medicine of the body

Kaumara-bhrtya

pediatrics

Salyatantra

surgical techniques, extraction of foreign objects

Salakyatatra

treatments of ailments affecting ears, eyes, nose, mouth (ENT)

Bhutavidya

pacification of possessing spirits, and the people whose minds are affected by possession

Agadatantra

toxicology, which includes the science of poisons

Rasayanatantra

rejuvenation and tonics for increasing lifespan, intellect and strength

Vajikaranatantra

aphrodisiacs and treatments for increasing the volume and viability of semen and sexual pleasure

Madya

alcoholic beverages; classified by the raw material and fermentation process

Cacao

stimulant; consumed by Aztec & Mayan emperors in ceremonial rites

Yerba Mate

stimulant-equivalent to the caffeine in coffee

Guarana

a seed containing four times as much caffeine as coffee beans; southern tributaries of the Amazon

Ayahausca

is an entheogenic brewed concoction made out of banisteriopsis caapi vine and other ingredients

Pulque

(n) a fermented milky drink made from the juice of agave plants from Mexico

Balche

Honey wine brewed by the Maya and associated with Acan

Tepache

mildly alcoholic beverage of indigenous Mexico, made by fermenting pineapple

Tejuino

beverage traditional to Jalisco, maize-based beverage that gets its start from fermented masa

Chicha

fermented beverages from the Andes, it can be made of maize, manioc root, cassava, or fruits

Cauim

Native beverage of Brazil, similar to chicha

Tiswin

fermented, ceremonial beverage of southwest United States and northern Mexico, made with maize and saguaro sap

Tobacco

sacred to Natives -seen as a source of wealth -when scarce, tribes of N. America would say "the tribe is poor"

Voyages of Discovery

from 1550-1850 CE Large-scale transoceanic trade; global movement of people, materials and ideas

Rum

an alcoholic liquor distilled from sugar-cane residues or molasses -popular source of commodity

Grog

diluted rum; intended to keep the peace -2 parts water : 1 part Sugar and lime juice

Bezoar

"Goa stone" ; stony material found in ruminants' stomachs

Tonic

a substance with medicinal properties; intended to restore or investigate

Potions

a drink that contains medicine, poison, or is imbued with magical or supernatural powers

Elixers

Clear and sweet tasting combination that has water and alcohol for oral use to deliver a drug

Compulsive Consumption Behavior

inappropriate behavior, typically excessive and clearly disruptive to the lives of the consumer and their families

Epidemic

affecting or tending to affect a disproportionately large number of individuals within a population, community, or region at the same time

Endemic

a characteristic of a particular population, environment, or region; the problem is present, but occurs in relatively low frequency

Pandemic

an epidemic that is geographically widespread

Treaty of Nanking (Nanjing) 1842

peace treaty signed by China and Great Britain, ending the Opium War but also greatly restricting Chinese control over their own trade with western countries

Treaty of Tientsin

Ended second Opium War, instituted Extra Territoriality, and okayed European settlements

Treaty of Aigun

a separate treaty between China and Russia, Russia gained the left bank of the Amur River, which pushed the northern border south from the Stanovoy mountains

Convention of Peking

1860. Where the treaties are signed. More cities opened for trade, China lost more land to GB France and Russia, more debt to Britain, legalized opium trade, freedom of religion and rights for Christians

Spheres of Influence

a region dominated and controlled by an outside power

Drug Rehabilitation

the first modern rehabilitation centers, funded by the government, were established in China; these were established to educate the people about the dangers of opium and to help addicts to become clean

Individual intemperance

Lifestyle, often seen as having a lack of self-control, immoderate in consumption