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Chemiosmosis in chloroplasts

Involves the establishment of a proton gradient.

Glycolysis ATP production

2 molecules of ATP are used and 4 molecules of ATP are produced per glucose oxidized to pyruvate.

Energy source for chemiosmotic phosphorylation

Energy released from movement of protons through ATP synthase.

Function of Photosystem II

The electron vacancies in P680 are filled by electrons derived from water.

Role of oxygen in cellular respiration

Acts as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water.

Electrons donation in aerobic respiration

FADH2 donates electrons to the electron transport chain at the lowest energy level.

Increase in ATP concentration

An increase in a cell's catabolic activity leads to higher ATP concentration.

Effective light wavelength for photosynthesis

420 nm is most effective in driving photosynthesis.

Absorption spectrum vs Action spectrum

They differ because other pigments absorb light in addition to chlorophyll a.

Oxygen's role in respiration

Directly involved in accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain.

Location of ATP synthase in plant cells

ATP synthase complexes are located in the thylakoid membrane and plasma membrane.

Calvin cycle location

Takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast.

Photorespiration's effect on photosynthesis

Prevents the formation of 3-phosphoglycerate molecules.

Common pathway in respiration and fermentation

Glycolysis is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation.

C4 plants' adaptation to photorespiration

They use PEP carboxylase to initially fix CO2.

Products of linear photophosphorylation

ATP and NADPH are the products.

ATP generation in glycolysis

The ATP is generated by substrate-level phosphorylation.

Reducing agent in redox reactions

A molecule that loses electrons and loses energy.

Example of potential energy

A food molecule made up of energy-rich macromolecules.

NAD+ gaining a hydrogen atom

Becomes reduced.

Definition of proton-motive force

The transmembrane proton concentration gradient.

CAM plants' adaptation

Fix CO2 into organic acids during the night, keeping stomata closed in daytime.

Effect of phosphorylation

A phosphorylated molecule has increased chemical reactivity; it is primed for cellular work.

Process in eukaryotic cells that does not require oxygen

Glycolysis proceeds normally whether oxygen is present or absent.

Fermentation products in yeast

Produces ATP, CO2, and ethanol (ethyl alcohol) in the absence of oxygen.

ATP production in fermentation

Generated by substrate-level phosphorylation.

Source of extra ATP in the Calvin cycle

Cyclic electron flow accounts for the extra ATP molecules.

Location of electron transport chain in plant cells

Found in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.

Proton gradients generation in photosynthesis and respiration

Occurs during both photosynthesis and respiration.

Flow of electrons during photosynthesis

Follows the sequence: H2O → NADPH → Calvin cycle.

Photosynthesis vs Respiration relationship

Photosynthesis stores energy in organic molecules, while respiration releases it.

Carbon atoms from pyruvate to citric acid cycle

2 carbon atoms are fed into the cycle.

Synthesis of ATP via chemiosmotic mechanism

Occurs during both photosynthesis and respiration.

Pathway of most electrons in mitochondria

Citric acid cycle → NADH → electron transport chain → oxygen.

Reduction of NADP+

Occurs during photosynthesis.

Glycolysis' occurrence with or without oxygen

Normally occurs regardless of oxygen availability.

Description of NAD+

NAD+ is reduced to NADH during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.

Effect of H+ ion pumping in mitochondria

Creates a proton gradient.

Chemical energy harvesting in cellular respiration

Most efficiently harvested through chemiosmotic phosphorylation.

Products of carbon fixation

RuBP attaches CO2, resulting in a 6 carbon molecule, which is then regenerated.

Role of antenna pigments in thylakoid membranes

Harvest photons and transfer light energy to reaction-center chlorophyll.

Acetyl CoA accumulation location

Accumulated in the mitochondrial matrix.

ATP production from glucose oxidation

Approximately 76 molecules of ATP are generated from the complete oxidation of two glucose molecules.

Why P680+ is a strong oxidizing agent

It strongly attracts another electron after the electron transfer to the primary electron acceptor.

Primary function of the Calvin cycle

To synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide.

Oxygen release during photosynthesis

A by-product of water-splitting.

Effect of thylakoid puncture on ATP synthesis

Directly affects the synthesis of ATP.

Reduced dinucleotides from citric acid cycle

4 FADH2 and 12 NADH would be produced with four turns.

Intermediary metabolite entering citric acid cycle

Acetyl CoA, formed by removing a carbon from pyruvate.

Proton translocation difference between mitochondria and chloroplasts

Chloroplast chemiosmosis translocates protons from stroma to thylakoid space.

Events in light reactions of photosynthesis

Light is absorbed and funneled to reaction-center chlorophyll.

Location of glycolysis

Takes place in the cytosol.

Term for breaking down large molecules

Catabolism describes the process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones.

Splitting carbon dioxide

Occurs during neither photosynthesis nor respiration.

End products of glycolysis besides ATP

NADH and pyruvate are also produced.

Consequences of G3P from the Calvin cycle

Formation of starch involves assembling many G3P molecules.

Location of electron transport chain proteins

Located in the mitochondrial inner membrane.

Function of photosystem I

Receives electrons from plastocyanin.

Relationship between light reactions and Calvin cycle

Light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the Calvin cycle, which returns ADP, Pi, and NADP+.

Electron travel sequence in aerobic respiration

Follows: food → NADH → electron transport chain → oxygen.

Energy use by electron transport chain

Used to pump H+ ions into the mitochondrial intermembrane space.

Oxygen requirement for glucose oxidation

6 oxygen molecules are required to oxidize one glucose molecule.

Light reactions products used in Calvin cycle

ATP and NADPH produced during light reactions are utilized in the Calvin cycle.