Geoscience

father of geology

james hutton

________ published huttons book called __________

charles lyell, principles of Geology

present is the key to the past was said by ________ and is the def of term ___________

James Hutton, Uniformitarianism

relative age dating is _________ which is the order of _____ to _______

stratigraphy, oldest to youngest

assigns a number for dating

relative

uses isotopes to date

numerical or radiometric dating

surface separating successive rock layers

contact

rock bodies of considerable thickness with recognizable Chara that allows them to be distinguished from adjacent rocks

formation

beds or sediment deposited in water are formed horizontally

law of original horizontality

in an undisturbed rock bed the oldest is on bottom

superposition

layers eventually taper or thin

lateral continuity

disrupted layers are older than the disruption

cross cutting

contact metamorphic zone

baked contact

fragments embedded in host rock

inclusions

surface or contact representing a gap in time

unconformity

physically tracing a continues exposure

physical continuity

what are the 5 types of unconformities

folded, tilted, faulted, nonconformity, disconformity

folded tilted and faulted are

angular unconformities

what erosion has the largest gap in time and why

Nonconformity, igneous and metamorphic tend to be the lower and older but erosion only happens at the surface so for erosion to make it all the way to them it must have eroded lots.

world wide time scale

geologic time scale

The geologic time scale is based on the assembly of

fossils

The geologic time scale is divided into, in order

eons, eras, periods, epochs

epochs are only in the

Cenozoic

87% of geologic time

Precambrian

old life

Precambrian

middle life

Mesozoic

new life

Cenozoic

force per unit area

stress

change in size or shape in response to stress

strain

exposed bedrock

outcrop

tilted beds, joints and faults describe

strike and dip

fold downwards

syncline

fold upwards

Anticline

age of earth

4.56 billion years

hinge lines are not horizontal

plunging

folds in which the limbs dip gently

open

folds with parallel limbs

isoclinal

have limbs that dip in the same directions

overturn

overturned to the point of being horizontal

recumbent

extrudes away from central point

dome

dips into central point

Basin

break with no movement

joint

three types of slips

dip slip, strike slip, oblique slip

type of slip

dip slip, normal

strike slip

oblique slip

graben, normal fault

Horst, reverse fault

right-lateral strike slip

left lateral strike slip

reverse faults with 30-degree angle or less

thrust fault

to tell what got eroded use _____ ______ the _____ what is missing to other areas

lateral continuity, correlate

half life is

5730

what are the four eons are

Hadean

Archean

Proterozoic

Pancrazio

human life is ____ of geological time

0.000002%

proton becomes neutron

electron capture, an -1, mass same

Neutron becomes proton

Beta, an +1 mass same

losses 2 protons and 2 neutrons

alpha, an -2 mass -4

when a bent rock returns to og shape

elastic

when a rock reaches it ___ ____ it becomes deformed which is ______

elastic limit, ductile

rock bends and breaks

brittle

chevron folds

Asymmetrical folds

isoclinal

recumbent folds

overturned folds

symmetrical folds

compass direction

strike

direction of angle

dip