Org 2 reactant to product

A nucleophilic addition reaction

Nucleophile adds to the carbonyl carbon.

Carbonyl is converted into an alcohol.

Hydride addition, what acts as H donor?

NaBH4 or LiAlH4

Grignard reaction

You always need H3CMgBr

which forms H3C:-and +MgBr

Electron withdrawing groups

pull electron density away from the carboxyl group. This increases the positive charge on the carbonyl carbon, making the molecule more electrophilic and increasing its acidity.

Electron donating groups

What does this form under mildly acidic conditions?

What does this form under mildly acidic conditions?

What does this form under basic or acidic conditions?

Fischer esterification: what does it reasult in? and when does it happen?

Reactants: The reaction happens when a carboxylic acid is treated with an alcohol.

• Catalyst: It requires acidic conditions to proceed

• Formation: carboxylic acid + alcohol → ester

• Hydrolysis: ester + water → carboxylic acid + alcohol

What does this form when reacted in an acidic environment?

• Formation: carboxylic acid + alcohol → ester

• Hydrolysis: ester + water → carboxylic acid + alcohol

Ester hydrolysis

What does this form when reacted in a basic environment?

Saponification

What does this form when reacted in an acidic environment?

Amide hydrolysis

What does this form when reacted in a basic environment?

Amide hydrolysis

What does a reaction of this with LiAlH4 cause?

Reduction

what’s keto–enol tautomerization

when a molecule switches back and forth between two forms:

• the keto form (has a C=O carbonyl)

• the enol form (has a C=C double bond and an –OH)

What does this form when it reacts in basic conditions?

Aldol product

What does this reaction form?

Amide vs amine, what is the difference between them?

What would these reactions form?

Electrophilic substitution

What would this form?

Substitution on nitrogen

Monosaccharides naming system through how many carbon atoms they have

epimers

types of diastereomers that differ at only one chirality centre

what structure is this:

D-glucose

What structure is this

D-mannose

What structure is this

D-galactose

What structure is this:

D-fructose

What structure is this

L-glucose

Hoes does the naming of D and L work?

Dependent on the 5th carbon

If OH points to the right its a D

What does this form?

how to identify if its an alpha or beta sugar?

a on the bottom for alpha and b on the bottom for beta

how does this to an acetyl form?

What is this?

lactose

beta 1,4 linkage

What is this?

Maltose alpha 1,4 linkage

What can this reaction form?

D fructose

What does reduction of a sugar form?

What will this form? with silver as a reaction

what would this form in the presence of a pyradine?

What is a lipid?

Everything that dissolves in a non polar solvent

Steroids

Large complex molecules built from multiple cyclic hydrocarbon chains

functions as signaling molecules

Waxes vs fatty acids?

waxes only have one ester functionality with long carbon chains on both sides where as fatty acid chains have 3 ester bonds and 3 long hydrocarbon chains (eve numbered)

reaction of a fatty acid under acidic conditions

reaction of a fatty acid under basic conditions

reaction of a fatty acid when reacted with reducing agents

S

reaction of a fatty acid with Grignard reagents