BIOL 1113 (General Biology 2) Exam 3 Mary Susan Potts Santone

Plant

Multicellular photosynthetic eukaryotic organism

Apical meristem

Group of actively diving cells at the growing tip

Spore

Haploid reproductive structure of plants that is dispersed into the environment and is able to grow into a plant gametophyte in suitable habitat

Nine phyla of (living) plants

Liverworts, mosses, hornworts, lycophytes, pteridophytes, cycads, ginkgos, conifers, and angiosperms (flowering plants), make up what?

Bryophytes

Liverworts, mosses and hornworts make up this group of nonvascular land plants; dominant generation is their life cycle are gametophytes;

Zygotic life cycle

Life cycle where haploid cells develop into gametes then two gametes combine to form a single-celled diploid zygote; name of this life cycle comes from the observation that the zygote is the only cell that undergoes meiosis

Sporic life cycle (alteration of generations)

Life cycle for all plants where meiosis results in the formation of spores; where land plants produce two types of multicellular bodies that alternate in time: diploid spore-producing sporophyte and the haploid gamete-producing gametophyte

Sporophyte

Diploid generation of plants; this generation produces haploid spores by meiosis

Gametophyte

Haploid generation of plants; produces gametes by mitosis

Sporangia

Enclosures that produce and disperse plant spores; tough cells walls protect spores from UV radiation and microbial attack

Hornwort

Phylum of bryophyta characterized by an common elongated horn-like structure, which is the sporophyte; flattened, green plant body is the gametophyte

Liverwort

Phyulm of Bryophya; most species are leafy with a form very much like a flattened moss

Vascular tissue

Plant tissue that provides structural support and serve in conduction of water and nutrients.

Seedless vascular plants

Lycophytes and pteridophytes are what? T his informal group diverged prior to the origin of seeds; homosporous

Moss

Group of Bryophyta that typically grow in dense green clumps or mats, often in damp or shade;

Stem

Branching structures that contain vascular tissue and produce leaves and sporangia

Phloem

Specialized conducting tissue in the plants stem; carries sugars and other metabolic products downward from the leaves

Xylem

Specialized conducting tissue in plant stem that provides structural supports; carries water and nutrients upward from the roots

Lignin

Tough polymer that adds strength and decay resistance to the cell walls of tracheids and other types of plant cells

Roots

Plant organ that provides anchorage and is specialized for uptake of water and minerals from the soil

Leaves

Flattened plant organs that emerge from stems and function in photosynthesis

Cuticle

A coating of wax and cutin that helps reduce water loss from plant surfaces.

Stomata

Pores on plant surfaces that open and close to regulate gas exchange and the release of water vapor from the plant

Gymnosperm

Any plant that produces seeds that are exposed rather than enclosed in fruit; conifers, cycads, ginkgos, and gnetophytes

Seed

Reproductive structures with specialized structures that enclose plant embryos; produced by gymnosperms and angiosperms; components include seed coat, food reserves, and the sporophyte/embryo

Angiosperm

A flowering plant that produces seeds enclosed in fruit

Flower

A reproductive shoot; short stem that produces reproductive organs instead of leaves

Fruit

Structures that develop from flower organs, encloses seed, and fosters seed dispersal in the environment

Endosperm

A nutritive tissue that increases the efficiency with which food is stored and used in the seeds of flowering plants.

Ovule

Sporangium that typically contains only a single spore that develops into a very small egg-producing gametophyte; entire structure is enclosed by leaflike structures called integuments

Pollen

Tiny male gametophytes enclosed by protective sporopollennin walls

Pollination

Process by which pollen comes into contact with ovules

Double fertilization

Process where two different fertilization events occur; produces a zygote and a food storage tissue, the endosperm

Needle-shaped leaves

Type of leaf that reduces water loss from leaf surface

Resin

stick flammable organic substance on plants; insoluble in water; protects against pathogens and herbivores

Wood

A plant tissue composed of numerous pipe-like arrays of empty, water-conducting cells whose walls are strengthened by lignin; also called secondary xylem

Vascular cambium

Plant tissue that produces thick layers of wood and thinner layer of inner bark

Cycad

Phylum of gymnosperms; stout unbranched trunk; large finely divided leaves that grow in cluster at top of stem; pollenated by insects; coralloid roots

Ginkgo

Phylum of gymnosperms; Ginkgo biloba is single remaining species; characterized by two-lobed shape of leaves and "silver apricot;" trees produce either seeds or pollen based on sex chromosomes, similarly to humans

Conifer

Phylum of gymnosperms; cone-bearing trees and shrubs; tough needle-like leaves conserve water w/ thick cuticle and recessed stomata; evergreen

Gnetophyte

Type of gymnospore; contains vessel elements in xylem; has no archegonia (female sex organs)

Petal

Flower organ that usually serves to attract insects or other animals for pollen transport

Stamen

Male reproductive organ of flower that produces and disperses pollen; consists of anther and filament

(Four) flower organs

Sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels are the four what?

Complete flower

Flowers that possess all four types of flower organs

Incomplete flower

Flowers that lack one or more organ types

Perfect flower

Flowers that contain both stamens and carpels

Imperfect flowers

Flowers lacking either stamens or carpels

Pistil

Flower structure of either single or compound carpels; differentiated into stigma, style, and ovary; can be multiple of these in a flower's single

carpel

Monocot

Type of flowering plant; characterized by having one cotyledon, flower parts in multiples of 3s, with parallel venation, scattered vascular bundles and fibrous root system

Eudicot

Type of flowering plant; characterized by having 2 cotyledons, flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5s, with net venation, ringed vascular bundles, and tap-root system

Inflorescence

Groups of flowers tightly clustered together; ie sunflower

Terpenes and Terpenoids

Secondary metabolite characterized by intense smells and colors; incl. carotenoids, steroid hormones, cinnamon, fennel, mint, TCH

Phenolics

Secondary metabolite characterized as antioxidants with intense flavors and smells; incl. flavinoids such as vanilla, chocolate, tannins and lignins

Alkaloids

Secondary metabolite characterized by bitter taste and used for defense; stimulatory: caffeine, nicotine, capsaicin, cocaine, ephedrine; inhibitory: codeine, morphine

Polyketides

Secondary metabolites used as chemical weapons; i.e. antibiotics (penicillin, streptomycin), tetrodotoxin, conotoxin

Carpel

Female reproductive organ of a flower; consists of ovary, stigma, and style

Sepal

Part of the flower that typically functions as protection for the flower bud and supports the petals when in bloom; can consist of multiple pistils

Plant body organs

Stems, leaves, and roots are the three types of what?

Shoot

The portions of a plant made of stems and leaves

Annuals

Type of plant that dies after producing seeds during their first year of life

Biennials

Type of plant that does not reproduce during the first year of life but may reproduce within the following year

Perennials

Type of plant that lives for more than 2 years, often producing seed each year after they reach reproductive maturaity

Primary meristem

Meristematic tissue that produces new organs and increases plant length

Primary growth

Plant growth that occurs from primary meristems and produces primary tissues and organs of diverse types

Secondary growth

Plant growth that occurs from secondary meristems and increases the girth of woody plant stems and roots by producing secondary tissues

Epidermis

Outermost issue of plant that helps protect it from damage

Cortex

Area of plant stem or root beneath the epidermis; largely composed of parenchyma cells

Parenchyma (cells)

Unspecialized thin-walled plant cells that serve in food storage and cell division for healing

Collenchyma (cells)

Flexible cells that have provide support to plant organs; found in bundles under epidermis

Sclerenchyma (cells)

Rigid plant cells with walls that contain lignin; nonliving; used in support and protection

Phytomere

Modular unit of a plant shoot; consists of four parts: stem node, internode, leaf, and axillary meristem or bud

Stem node

Stem region from which one or more leaves emerge

Internode

Stem regions between adjacent nodes

Axillary bud

Bud that occurs in the axil, the upper angle where a twig or leaf emerges from the stem

Herbaceous plant

Type of plants that produce mostly only vascular tissues

Woody plant

Type of plant that produces both primary and secondary vascular tissues

Primary vascular tissues

Plant tissues composed of primary xylem and phloem

(Three zones of) root growth

The root apical meristem region, zone of elongation, and zone of maturation are the three major zones of what ?

Stolon

Above ground horizontal stem; produce new plants when nodes touch the ground

Rhizome

Underground horizontal stem; contribute to asexual reproduction

(Root) apical meristem

Region within the growing root containing meristematic (stem) cells

Zone of maturation

Area above the zone of elongation in a plant root where most root cell differentiation and tissue specialization occur; differentiated areas include root hairs, cortex, and endodermis

Root hair

Specialized epidermal cells that functions to absorb water and minerals

Primary root (taproot)

Root system of eudicots consisting of one main root with many branching roots

Fibrous root

Root system of monocots consisting of multiple adventitious roots that grow from the stem base

Adventitious root

A root that is produced on the surface of stems (and sometimes leaves) of vascular plants; roots that develop at the basis of stem cuttings

Tropism

Any growth response that depends on a stimulus that occurs in a particular direction

Phototropism

The tendency of plants to grow toward a light source

Auxins

Type of plant hormone that influences structure, development, and behavior of plants; produced in shoot apical meristem and is found in young leaves, flowers, and fruits

Cytokinins

Type of plant hormone that promotes cell division; derivative of adenine; made primarily in root tips; senescence:

Gibberellins

Type of plant hormone that promotes cell division and cell elongation; dormancy: retards leaf and fruit aging

Ethylene

Type of plant hormone that is involved in abscission (natural detachment of parts in plants); also coordinating plant development and stress responces; only hormone that comes in gas form

Abscisic Acid

Plant hormone involved with stopping or slowing plant metabolism when growing conditions are poor; seed and bud dormancy, closure of stomata

Brassinosteroids

Type of plant hormone that promotes cell elongation and division, stimulates xylem development, retards leaf drop; can be applied to protect plants from heat, cold, high salinity, herbicide injury, and disease; chemically related to animal steroid hormoes

Photoperiodism

Plant's ability to measure and respond to the amount of light and day length

Gravitropism

Plant growth in response to the force of gravity; both roots and shoots detect gravity by means of starch-heavy plastids called statoliths

Thigmotropism

Unusual growth of plants due to contact with solid objects

Heliotropism

Diurnal motion of plant parts in response to the direction of the sun

Nastic movements

Plant movements that occur in response to stimuli, but the direction of movement is not dependent on the direction of the stimulus