chapter 5 - physical dev infancy

physical growth

fastest growth in first 3 years

nourishment

84% US moms initially breastfeed for first 6 months but 16% moms switch before, breastmilk helps prevent infections and is easier for baby, preterm-milk is higher in fat and proteins, formula can be from cow, goat, corn, etc., these three milks are all baby eats for first 6 months until 12 months, whole cowmilk can be drank after 1 year, the need for income prevents lower SES women from getting their babies the nutrients they need

brain growth

fastest before baby is born to 2 years, 25% adult volume at birth, 80% of adult volume at 2 y.o., creating neural pathways and reinforcing them, brain develops and makes most pathways by 25

myelination

covering the axons of the neurons with myelinsheeth

reflexes

automatically programmed B

primitive reflexes

behaviors babies are both with that help them survive

rooting reflex

brush of the cheek makes baby turn head and open mouth to search for nipple

darwinian reflex

“grasping” reflex where babies will curl their fingers around things placed in palm of hand

moro reflex

“startle” reflex when baby feels like they are being dropped so they fling out arms, legs, and fingers

locomotor reflexes

B resembles a voluntary mvmt. that sets up babies D for that mvmt, later on in life

crawling

if baby is placed on stomach they will automatically move arms and legs

walking

“stepping” reflex if baby is help by arms/armpits above a flat surface they will try to take steps

plasticity

more impact on D because they are developing critical skills/schema

touch and pain

babies recognize touch/texture, they feel pain

smell

babies prefer good, sweet, or familiar scents

taste

babies can distinguish salty, sweet, and savory but prefer sweet

hearing

babies can hear prenatally and prefer familiar noises/voices, and process language before they can speak

vision

least developed sense for babies, 24/100

sight descriptions

can see best 12 inches from them, reach 20/20 by ~6 months

color perception

babies don’t recognize colors, 2 months red/green, 3 months blue, 4 months yellow

visual preferences

curved lines over straight, complex patterns over simple, 3D over 2D, pictures of faces over any other picture, new things over old

denver developmental screening test

checks if baby is developing skills around the average time, helps with early intervention of issues/defects

hand control milestone

follows a system of action: complex combo. of skills, finger control at 7-11 months

crawling milestone

first major event, around 6 m.o., being able to move oneself in some way

setting event milestone

sets stage for other significant events to happen, crawling changes baby’s worldview

walking milestone

happens ~1 y.o., meaning independently

haptic perception

ability to get info about an object by feeling/touching it, need hand control first

depth perception

ability to understand depth, babies who can crawl perceive the visual cliff and won’t cross

ecological theory of motor development

locomotor D depends on interaction between baby’s characteristics and E, ie. visual cliff

dynamic systems theory (thelen)

says motor D is the continuous process of the baby’s body interacting with the E

infant mortality

the proportion of babies who die within first year of life, US is less than 1%, more than twice as high for black and native american babies than white and latinx babies (shows limited access to healthcare)

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

sudden, unexplained death of baby under 1 where death cause remains unknown after autopsy, baby stops breathing sometime while sleeping, most common at 2-4 m.o., seems to be underlying biological defect where baby doesn’t wake up from the buildup of CO2 in lungs and at least 6 gene mutations are involved, parents smoking increases babies chance of SIDS by 2-3x

immunization

rate of babies that are not getting vaccinated is increasing more recently and is causing “old” diseases to be brought back, ie. measles

shaken baby syndrome (SBS)

maltreatment of babies under age 2, brain and skull move in opposite directions and brain is hitting skull repeatdely, hard to get rates because only severe cases are reported, 20% babies admitted to hospital die from brain swelling in first few days, leads to irreperable brain damage and D defects