SYG2000 Chapter 2 Study Guide

Scientific Method

A systematic, organized series of steps that ensures maximum objectivity and consistency in researching a problem.

Hypothesis

A testable educated guess about predicted outcomes between two or more variables.

Variable

Any characteristic, number, or quantity that can be measured or quantified.

Operational Definition

A clear, concise detailed definition of a measure.

Survey

A research method in which subjects respond to a series of questions about behaviors and opinions.

Population

The people who are the focus of a study.

Sample

A smaller group that is representative of the larger population.

Field Research

Gathering primary data from a natural environment without doing a lab experiment or a survey.

Participant Observation

A research method in which researchers join people and participate in a group’s routine activities.

Ethnography

The extended observation of the social perspective and cultural values of an entire social setting.

Case Study

An in-depth analysis of a single event, situation, or individual.

Experiment

A research method for investigating cause and effect under highly controlled conditions.

Secondary Data Analysis

The use of existing sources of data for research.

Reliability

The extent to which research produces consistent or dependable results.

Validity

The degree to which a measure or scale truly reflects the phenomenon under study.

Research Ethics

The ethical considerations in sociological research, including informed consent, confidentiality, and the protection of participants.

Quantitative Research

Research that focuses on quantifying data and statistical analysis.

Qualitative Research

Research that focuses on understanding meanings and experiences through in-depth data.