Whist Final Exam (Use learn mode)

Focus Questions

and terms

CH.7

…

Historians call the period between 27 b.c.e., when Octavian took power, and 180 c.e. __________________, because the entire Mediterranean region benefited from these centuries of stability.

Pax Romana

Between 211 and 284, the empire had __________________ emperors, of whom nineteen were murdered, were executed, or died in battle against their successors.

36

__________ wrote about the famous eruption of Mount Vesuvius, which he witnessed from his home in the Bay of Naples in the early afternoon on August 24, 79 c.e.

Pliny

The principate came to a formal end early in the reign of _______________

Diocletian

In 330, to place himself near threatened frontiers, Constantine established a new capital 800 miles (1,300 km) to the east of Rome at ______________ on the Bosphorus.

Byzantium

In 430, the last year of Augustine’s life, Vandals led a force of eighty thousand men from different Germanic-speaking tribes across the Mediterranean and laid siege to _____________________.

Hippo

In ___________, the final emperor of the Western Roman empire was deposed and not replaced. 

476

After overthrowing an _____________ king, the Romans founded the Roman republic in 509 b.c.e.

Etruscan

The earliest surviving history of Rome, by ____________, dates to the first century b.c.e., nearly one thousand years after the site of Rome was first settled in 1000 b.c.e.

Livy

One chain of mountains, the ____________________, runs down the spine of Italy, while the Alps form a natural barrier to the north. 

Apennines

In 202 b.c.e., after defeating ________________, Rome dominated the western Mediterranean, and in 146 b.c.e., after defeating a Greek coalition it again defeated Carthage.

Carthage

The Romans learned city planning, sewage management, and wall construction from their ___________________ neighbors to the north.

Etruscan

The earliest form of government in the Roman city-state was a ___________________.

Monarchy

The Celts or Gauls were residents of the Alps region who spoke Celtic, also an Indo-European language. 

True

In 387 b.c.e., Rome suffered a crushing military defeat at the hands of the _____________, who took the city and left after plundering it for seven months.

Gauls

To raise an army, one general, _______________(157–86 b.c.e.), did the previously unthinkable: he enlisted volunteers from among the working poor in Rome, waiving the traditional requirement that soldiers had to own land.

Marius

The most successful Roman commander was ____________________ (100–44 b.c.e.), who conquered Gaul, an economically prosperous region that included northern Italy and present-day France.

Julius Caesar

In 27 b.c.e. the senate awarded Octavian a new title, ______________________, meaning “revered,” the name by which he is usually known.

Augustus

________________ were often newcomers to a city, traders, or people who wanted to break from their own families.

Clients

never left Italy; time period of his reign was the most peaceful in all of Rome's imperial history

Antonius Pius

was an ambitious builder and constructed many roads, aqueducts, and canals across the Roman Empire

Claudius

became emperor at the age of 66 & was the first to adopt an heir who wasn't apart of his biological family

Nerva

was the last emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty & was viewed to be compulsive and corrupt by many Romans

Nero

remembered today for a column that is considered a work of art that commemorates his Dacian Wars in the East

Trajan

was the second emperor of the Roman Empire and was considered to be one of Rome's greatest generals

Tiberius

visited almost every province in the Roman empire accompanied by specialists and administrators; pursued his own imperial ideals and personal interests

Hadrian

best known for his meditations on Stoic Philosophy

Marcus Aurelius

had Tiberius's grandson Gemellus executed; known for being absolutely crazy and a cruel sadistic tyrant

Caligula

CH.9

…

meaning the “people of custom and the community,” hold that the leader of Islam should be chosen by consensus and that legitimate claims to descent are only through the male line

Sunnis

(Arabic root for “striving” or “effort”) A struggle or fight against non-Muslims.

jihad

Learned Islamic scholars who studied the Quran, the hadith, and legal texts. They taught classes, preached, and heard legal disputes.

ulama

The pilgrimage to Mecca, required of all Muslims who can afford the trip.

hajj

The book that Muslims believe is the direct word of God as revealed to Muhammad. Written sometime around 650.

Quran

Computational instrument that allowed observers to calculate their location on earth to determine the direction of Mecca for their prayers. Also functioned as a slide rule. 

astrolabe

Testimony recorded from Muhammad’s friends and associates about his speech and actions.

hadith

Literally “successor.” 

caliph

A Muslim jurist.

qadi

“party of Ali,” one of the two main groups of Islam, who support Ali’s claim to succeed Muhammad and believe that the grandchildren born to Ali and Fatima should lead the community.

Shi’ites

Muhammad preached his last sermon from Mount _________________________   outside Mecca and then died in 632.

Arafat

In the first stage of conquest, the troops seized all the movable property of the conquered people and reserved a fixed share, called __________________,  for the commander.

zakat

Under the leadership of the Umayyads, Islamic armies conquered the part of North Africa known as the ______________________ —modern-day Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia—between 670 and 711, and then crossed the Strait of Gibraltar to enter Spain.

Maghrib

The low cost of ___________________ greatly increased the availability of books.

paper

Under the Abbasids, the coastal cities of East Africa, particularly those north of ____________________, became Muslim, not because they were conquered by invading armies but because traveling merchants introduced Islam to them.

Madagascar

In 945, the __________________, a group of Shi’ite Iranian mercenaries based in the mountains south of the Caspian Sea, conquered Baghdad and took over the government.

Buyids

In 1055, Baghdad fell to yet a different group of soldiers from Central Asia, the Turkish-speaking ______________________ .

Seljuqs

Sometime around 1000, the city of _________________ in Islamic Spain replaced Baghdad as the leading center of Islamic learning.

Córdoba

The geographer ________________, based in Córdoba, provided a rare, detailed description of Central Africa.

al-Bakri

Working in Sicily, the geographer _________________ (1100–1166) engraved a map of the world on a silver tablet 3 yards by 1.5 yards (3 m by 1.5 m) in size.

al-Idrisi

_________________ decided to go to Mecca to repent for drinking seven cups of wine, a drink forbidden to all Muslims. He financed his trip with a gift of seven cups of gold coins received from the governor of Granada.

Ibn Jubayr

The hajj celebrated Abraham’s release of his son Ishmael. The most important rite, ______________________, commemorated the last sermon given by the prophet Muhammad.

The Standing

Term in The Vinland Sagas for the Amerindians living on the coast of Canada and possibly northern Maine, where the Scandinavians established temporary settlements.

Skraelings

Refers to two distinct illnesses, bubonic plague and the almost always fatal pneumonic plague, forming two phases of an outbreak.

plague

A Frankish dynasty (481–751) in modern-day France and Germany whose founder, Clovis (r. 481–511), converted to Christianity and ruled as a war-band leader.

Merovingian dynasty

In the 400s and 500s, the highest-ranking bishop of the four major Christian church centers at Constantinople, Alexandria, Jerusalem, and Antioch.

patriarch

An important aristocratic family that overthrew the Merovingian rulers in 751. Their most powerful ruler was Charlemagne. After his death, the empire split into three sections

Carolingian dynasty

Literally “man-payment,” an important legal concept that set the monetary value of a human life. 

wergeld

Region including much of northern and eastern England, over which the Scandinavians maintained tenuous control between 866 and 954.

Danelaw

Term used for those Scandinavians who left home to loot coastal towns and who were most active between 793 and 1066.

Viking

Members of a movement calling for the destruction of images of Jesus, Mary, and the saints because they were believed to violate the Second Commandment of the Hebrew Bible.

iconoclasts

The most important social unit among Germanic-speaking peoples

war-band

used by the Vikings to make raids; made of wood and equipped with both oars and sails, they were the fastest mode of transport before 1000.

longboat

In the 400s and 500s, the pope was the highest-ranking bishop in Rome, and by 1000, was recognized as leader of the Catholic Church in Rome.

pope

 Around 1000, ___________________, the son of Erik the Red, decided to lead an exploratory voyage because he had heard of lands lying to the west of Greenland. 

Leif Eriksson

________________, an envoy from the Abbasid court, traveled from Baghdad up the Volga River and left a vivid description of the pre-Christian practices of the Rus.

Ibn Fadlan

In the 970s, Prince ________________ emerged as leader of the Kievan Rus.

Vladimir

______________ (r. 871–899), who called himself “king of the Anglo-Saxons,” managed to survive in the face of Viking attacks

Alfred I

One of Europe’s main exports to the Abbasids under Charlemagne and his successors was _______________.

slaves

__________________ were among the few educated men in Merovingian society.

Bishops

The most important leader to emerge from the constantly evolving alliances of Frankish society was _______________ (r. 481–511), who established the Merovingian dynasty that ruled what are now France and Germany from 481 to 751.

Clovis

In 800, the pope crowned the king of the Franks, ____________________-, the emperor of Rome.

Charlemagne

In 787, ___________________ met and condemned iconoclasm. Images that had been removed from different churches were returned. 

the Second Council of Nicaea

In 520, Justinian met his future wife: an actress and circus performer named _______________(497–548), who had already given birth to at least one child. 

Theodora

The first outbreak of the plague hit the Egyptian port of _________________ on the mouth of the Nile in 541 and spread across the Mediterranean to Constantinople in the following year.

Pelusium

 In 780, _______________ the widow of the emperor Leo IV, came to power in her mid-twenties, serving as regent for her nine-year-old son.

Irene