Topic 2 - States of matter and mixtures

What ocurs during a state change

energy is transferred to or from particles, and the arragnement and movement changes

What does pure refer to

Pure substances are substances containing only one element or compound

what does simple distillation seperate

solvent from solution

what does fractional distillation seperate

liquid from a mixture

what does filtration seperate

insoluble substance from a liquid

what does crystallisation seperate

produces solid crystals from a solution

What is the stationary phase, and what is the mobile phase in paper chromatography

stationary phase = the paper

mobile phase = the solvent

how to calculate the RF value

distance travelled by spot/distance travelled by solvent

paper chromatohraphy method

Draw a pencil line near the bottom of the paper

Apply a small spot of ink

Place the paper into a boiling tube containing a little solvent

Replace the bung and allow the solvent to travel through the paper

How to create potable water from groundwater

1. sedimentation (large particles sink to bottom)

2. filtration (Small insoluble particels are removed by filtering through sand)

3. chlorination (chlorine gas is bubbled through to kill microbes)

potable water from sea water

sea water is boiled, and the water vapour is condensed to form distilled water