APUSH U4 Terms Quiz

Alfred T. Mahan

Alfred T. Mahan

• The ablest and most effective advocate of imperialism

• captain and an admiral in the Navy

• The influence of Sea Power Upon History, which was: Countries with sea power were the great nations of history

• Encouraged naval power and overseas expansion

Horizontal Integration

• John D rockefeller, standard oil

• pressured competitors and forced rivals to merge their companies into a conglomerate (mixture)

• drive competitors to failure through low prices, then invite them to merge their companies into re conglomerate

• known as monopoling

Populism

• Also called peoples party

• in 1890 the Kansas farmers allegiance, and the knights of labor joined to form the peoples party

• in 1892, the groups met in Omaha Nebraska to formally create the party

• recognizing the conflict between capital and labor, populists split from main stream parties calling for a stronger gov to “protect ordinary Americans”

• Their Omaha platform declared that the power of gov (run by the ppl), should be expanded as rapidly as possible to end oppression, injustice and poverty

• populists called for public ownership of railroads and telegraph systems, protection of and from monopoly/foreign ownership, a federal income tax on rich, and looser money policy to help borrowers

• wanted gov to own railroads

• called for income tax

Free Silver

• loosening the money supply by expanding federal coinage to include silver as well as gold

• advocates of this policy thought it would encourage borrowing and stimulate industry, but the defeat of democratic presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan ended the “free silver movement” and gave republicans power to retain the gold standard

• presi Grover Cleveland did not use free silver and stuck w/ gold standard during the economic depression

Sierra Club

• preserve natural areas from human interference (industrialization)

• organization found in 1892 that was dedicated to the enjoyment and preservation of Americas greatest mountains (sierra Nevada) and wilderness environments

• this encouraged national and state gov to set aside more public lands for preservation and recreation

• founded by John Muir

• became most famous voice for wilderness

Jane Addams

• founded the hull house in 1889 in Chicago

• middle class woman and leading reformer

• this home she created inspired many other settlements across the country

Granger Laws

• Economic regulatory laws passed in some Midwestern states in late 1870’s

• triggered by pressure from farmers and the green-back labor party

• national grange of the patrons of husbandry was founded in 1867

• grange farmers sought to counter the rising power of corporate middlemen

• set up their own banks, insurance companies and grain elevators

Morrill Land Grant

• 1862

• set aside 140 million federal acres to have states make colleges in order to broaden educational opportunities, in response to the industrial rev, to teach agriculture, science and engineering

• this was passed along w/ the homestead act, for western US

Homestead Act

• 1862

• Republicans wanted farmers as well as factories

• this act gave 160 federal acres to any applicant who occupied and improved the property

• republicans hoped this bill would help build up the interior west, which was inhabited by natives, but millions of acres of western land was distributed to individual settlers

Chinese Exclusion Act

• 1882

• law that barred Chinese laborers from entering the U.S> during the depression of the 1870s

• a rising tide of racism was especially extreme in the pacific coast states, where the majority of Chinese immigrants lived

• prevented Chinese that already lived in the US from becoming citizens

• federal law that Chinese were illegal in US

Interstate Commerce Act (1887)

• created the interstate commerce commission, a federal regulatory agency, designed to oversee the railroad industry and prevent illegal agreement and unfair rates

• in 1887, responding from pressure of farmers, laborers, and Americans, congress/presi Grover Cleveland passed this act to counteract the SP decision Wabash v Illinois that made it so that state gov was not allowed to regulate railroads

• the ICC faced challenges, though the law forbade railroads from reaching secret rare-settling agreements, evidence was found that it still coexisted

• addressed the problem of railroad monopolies by setting guidelines for how the railroads could do business

Vertical Integration

• Business model in which a corporation controlled all aspects of production, from resourcing the raw materials, to the packaged products

• “robber barons” or industrial innovators

• Andrew Carnegie and Gustavus Swift pioneered this

• used predatory pricing

• controlled the market

Plessy V. Ferguson

• 1896

• supreme court case that ruled racially segregated railroad cars, and other public facilities, as long as they claimed to be separate but equal, as that was permissible under the 14th amendment

• upheld jim crow laws

Nativism

• antiforegin sentiment in the US that ruled anti-immigration/immigrant and immigrant restriction policies against the irish german in the 1840s-50s

• some argued that immigrants were inferior, but really native born Americans were threatened from the job competition

• the american protective association was a nativist group that expressed outrage for the existence of separate Catholic schools

Transcontinental Railroad

• connecting east to west

• and west to east

• enabling goods to get from East to West, this opened up the opportunity for easy travel of ppl and goods from coast to coast

• made american “the highway of nations,” and it populated the west

• US gov helped make this through financial support

Dawes Act

• 1887

• reformers attempt to assimilate native Americans

• senator Henrey L Daws, leader of the Indian rights associations saw the reservation system as an ugly relic of the past

• through division of tribal lands- he hoped to force ohio individual landholdings, partitioning reservations into homesteads

• believed land ownership would encourage Indians to assimilate

• daws act was a disaster

• played into the hands of whites, through fraud, mismanagement and pressure to sell to whites

• outlawed tribal ownership of land, however the act only succeed in stripping tribes of their land and failed to incorporate natives into us society

Andrew Carnegie

• captain of steel industry

• believed in social Darwinism

• wrote gospel of wealth,

• Scottish born american

• was a philanthropist

• used vertical integration

• built libraries for america

John D. Rockefeller

• robber barron

• vertically and horizontally integrated

• king of petroleum-standard oil company

• pioneered horizontal integration-through merging

• how lawyers also created trusts

• revolutionized a petroleum industry

Ida Wells-Barnett

• schoolteacher

• AA journliast

• in 1884, she refused to leave first class seat on the chesapeak and ohion line

• she was kicked off

• sued the chesapeake and ohio railroad for denying her a ladies car

• launched into a life long crusade for racial justice

• her goal was to stop lynching

• laucnhed a campagin against lynching, as a journalist

• published “southern horrors”

Social Gospel

• some protestants responded to the immigration competition problem by evangelizing among the unchurced

• goal was to renew religious faith

• combating suffering and poverty

• encouraged the wealthy and upper middle class to help less fortunate ppl

• charles monroe sheldon

Gospel of Wealth

• `1889

• distribution of wealth

• essay written by andrew carngeie

• argued that even though industrialization increased the gap between the rich and poor, the poor enjoyed what the rich could' not afford before

• argued that extremely wealthy Americans had a responsibility to spend their money to benefit the greater good

Booker T. Washington

• former slave

• founded the Tuskegee institute in 1881 where he taught and exemplified “self help”

• his book “up for slavery” became a best seller of the deep poverty in which most southern African Americans lived

• claimed that book education would be a waste of time

• Tuskegee graduates focused on industrial education

• Washington gained national fame in 1895 w his “Atlanta compromise” the compromise was allowing him to speak his speech

• his speech appealed to whites to hire AA

• was okay with segregation

• “separate as fingers, yet one as a hand”

Social Darwinism

• An idea by Herbert Spencer

• human society advanced through ruthless competition

• survival of the fittest

• William Graham Sumner argued that competition was like a law of gravity. and the “fittest” were the millionaires

• their success showed that they were naturally selected

• social Darwinism was simply an excuse for the worst excess of industrialization

• certain people in society became powerful because they are inherently better

Jacob Riis

• danish reformer

• “muckraking” journalist who included photographs of tenement interiors in his famous book “How the other half lives”

• he had a profound influence on theodore rossevelt as Teddy asked Riis to lead him on tours of tenements to help him better understand the problem of poverty

• exposed gross tenements in NY

Initiative Process

• people have the right to propose new law

• this was a process that enables citizens to bypass their state legislature by proposing statues that increased the power of voters

• allowed reformers to find a way around state legislatures all together

• cali Constitution

• 1911

• part of progressive movement

Frederick Jackson Turner

• frontier historian

• presented a frontier these-explains that settling the frontier was central to american freedom and innovation and feared that now that the “endless frontier” was gone, american innovation, activity, will disappear

• published “significance of the frontier in america history”

Emilio Aguinaldo

• Philippe leader

• asserted his nations dominance through the US wanting to annex the Philippines

• turned gun/fought the american colonizers

• fighting vicious guerrilla warfare helped Americans fight Spain off, but then turned on the US when they wanted to colonize them

• eventually surrendered to the US

Recall

• progressive reform

• teddy roosevelt promoted the “Wisconsin” idea- greater gov intervention in the economy

• was led by Robert la follette

• won battle that gave wisconsin’s citizens the right of recall

• voting to remove unpopular politicians from office

Referendum

• progressive reform

• allowed citizens to vote on proposed laws, rather than leaving it in the hands of elected legislators

• initiative (voters introduce laws) vs referendum: initiative is when citizens get signatures and make the decision to put on the ballot to be voted on

• referendum is allowing disapproval of a law passed by legislature (re-voters directly vote on law)

19th Amendment

• 1920

• “the right of citizens of the US to vote should not be denied by the US or any state on account of gender”

• granted woman the right to vote

• was the pinnacle of woman’s suffrage movements, which was led by the national american woman’s suffrage league

16th Amendment

• 1913

• allows congress to levy a tax on income

• was passed in response to the supreme court case Pollock v farmers loan and trust co (1895)

• was seen more fair, especially to poor farmers, working class, etc

17th Amendment

• 1913

• allowed for voters in each state to elect their US senator directly

• previously US senators had been chosen by state legislatures

• this was a progressive reform to expand democracy

• decreased the influence of big business and other special interest on the election of senators

18th Amendment

• 1919

• established the prohibition of alcohol in the US, to maintain a sober workforce

• drinking Alcohol is illegal

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

• 1890

• forbade anti competitive business activities

• required the federal gov to investigate trust and any companies operating in violation of the act

• caused by public outrage over trust, this act regulated interstate corporation

• was the first federal attempt to forbid any “combination, in the form of trusts, in resistant to trade”

• free competition in commerce

• declared monopoly (trust) illegal

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

• 1914

• law strengthened federal definitions of monopoly and gave more power to the justice department to pursue anti-trust acts

• also specified that labor unions could not be prosecuted for not trading, ensuring that antitrust laws would apply to corporations, rather than unions

• provided further clarification and substance to the Sherman anti-trust act

• denied illegal as business practices that produce monopoly

Hepburn Act

• 1906

• influenced by teddy rosevelt

• supported punishing male factors of great wealth who abused their power

• increased the powers of the ICC, strengthening the federal regulation of railroad

• ICC now had the power to establish the maximum rate railroad companies would charge

Keating-Owen Act

• 1916

• influenced by hines photos

• congress passed the act to restrict child labor

• through its power to regulate interstate commerce, this forbid the interstate sale of goods produced by child labor

Australian Ballot

• introduced to the US during the progressive era to help counteract boss rule

• this was a populist objective, because your vote wasn’t known to election officials

• keep your vote secret

Henry Bessemer

• person that made the process of steel production that Andrew Carnegie used

• allowed for steel to be produced more than ever (1856)

Eugene V. Debs

• founded the american railway union

• group that included skilled and unskilled workers

• Glover Cleveland had to interfere against the union

• ARU railroad strike failed and debs served time in prison

• was a socialist party candidate but never won

• Pullmin strike, Eugene ordered his members not to work on any trains that had Pullman cars in them

• american socialist

Cornelius Vanderbilt

• business tycoon who made a fortune in the steam boat business and invested his fortune in owning railine (NY central railroad) he founded the NY central railroad

• helped economy through building a large empire of railroads

• made somewhat monopoly of railroad industry

Theodore Roosevelt

• Assistant secretary of the navy, an ardent imperialist and an active proponent of war

• instructed the navy commander, commodore George Dewey, to attack Spanish naval forces in the Philippines, a colony of Spain

• republican party

• commander of rough riders

• believed in regulation of big business, ordered the breaking up of the northern securities company through the sherman anti-trust act

• was also an advocate for hepburn act, which strengthened the power of the ICC

• his square deal was the term refereed to the various reform movements sponsored by teddys administration

• wanted to punish malefactors of wealth