Ansc 4043 final Exam 100% Solved

2 systems for chemical integration of body

Nervous, endocrine

4 Major categories of hormones

Protein, Steroid, Amino acid derivatives, eicosanoids

Class of hormones made of amino acids secreted by the pituitary, hypothalamus, and pancreas

Protein

3 multiple choice options

Class of hormones produced in the gonads and adrenal gland. Cholesterol precursor

Steroid

3 multiple choice options

Class of hormones produced in thyroid and adrenal gland

Amino acid derivatives

3 multiple choice options

Class of hormones made of fatty acids

eicosanoids

3 multiple choice options

2 major classes of receptors

intracellular, cell surface receptors

What do cell surface receptors do?

alter the activity of other molecules usually enzymes within the cell

includes: protein and peptide, catecholamines, eicosanoids

What do intracellular receptors do?

Alter transcriptional activity of responsive genes.

includes: steroid and thyroid hormones

What are the 3 second messenger systems?

Cyclic nucleotides, protein kinase activity, phospholipid derivatives and Ca

What hormone increases blood glucose?

Glucagon

What hormone decreases blood glucose

insulin

What hormone causes an increase in ca?

PTH

What hormone causes a decrease in ca?

calcitonin

What hormone causes ca retention/ helps ca get absorbed?

Vit D

Hormone produced by adipose that decreases hunger and weight, and increases energy use

Leptin

Hormone produced in stomach that increases GH and causes you to be hungry?

ghrelin

What are the Growth hormones?

GH, IGF1, PL, prolactin, insulin

Growth Hormone stimulates body growth by binding to IGF receptors

insulin

3 multiple choice options

Growth hormone that is used for milk synthesis

prolactin

3 multiple choice options

Growth hormone released during pregnancy

placental lactogen

3 multiple choice options

What does IGF-1 promote?

promotes incorporation of sulfate into cartilage (make bones)

What hormones are produced in the thyroid?

Calcitonin, Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3)

What is the importance of Iodine?

it is needed to attach to tyrosine to form the thyroid hormones. Forms thyroid hormones

What do Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3) do?

stimulates and maintain metabolic processes

What adrenal hormones are released in response to short term stress (fight or flight)?

catecholamines- epinephrine, norepinephrine

What adrenal hormones are released in response to long term stress?

Glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

POMC - what hormones come from it?

ACTH, MSH

What stimulates GnRH?

Kisspeptin

What hormone is produced by Leydig cells, has neg feedback on LH, and decreases GnRH?

Testosterone

What hormone is produced by Sertoli cells and has positive feed pack on FSH?

Activin

What hormone is produced by Sertoli cells and has neg feedback on FSH?

Inhibin

What hormone is aromatized from testosterone and has neg feedback on LH?

Estrogen

Which hormone causes TSH release?

TRH

What inhibits TRH?

Thyroid hormones

Which hormone causes GH release?

GHRH

What inhibits GHRH?

IGF1

Which hormone inhibits GH?

Somatostatin

Which hormone causes release of FSH and LH?

GnRH

What inhibits GnRH?

Gonadal steroids

What hormone causes release of ACTH?

CRH

What inhibits CRH?

Glucocorticoids

What inhibits prolactin and MSH?

dopamine

List the 8 hypothalamus hormones

TRH, GHRH, SomatoStatin, GnRH, CTRH, dopamine, vasopressin, oxytocin

List the 6 adenohypophysis hormones (anterior pituitary)

GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH , prolactin

List the 2 neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) hormones

ADH, oxytocin

What is the Intermediate pituitary hormone?

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

what is the pineal glands hormone?

melatonin

What are the 2 Thyroid hormones?

triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)

Growth Hormone target organs

bones, tissues

Prolactin target organ

mammary gland

ADH target organ

kidney tubules

Oxytocin target organs

smooth muscle in uterus and mammary glands

Gonadotropins (FSH and LH) target organs

Ovaries and testes

ACTH target organs

adrenal cortex

TSH target organs

Thyroid

Hypothalamic pituitary growth axis

Growth Hormone Stimulates productions of IGF, which causes cell proliferation and increases metabolic rate

Hypothalamic pituitary thyroid axis

stimulates thyroid hormone release from thyroid to regulate metabolic rate

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates hormone release by adrenal cortex

Hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis in females

Release of FSH, LH and prolactin stimulates ovarian cycle in females and estrogen production.

Hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis in males

LH stimulates androgen release and sperm production

What does the H-P-O axis stand for?

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian

Which hormones in the H-P-O axis come from the hypothalamus?

Kisspeptin, GnRH, Dopamine

Which hormones in the H-P-O axis from the anterior pituitary have direct effects?

LH, FSH, Prolactin

Which hormones have indirect or permissive action on female reproduction?

GH, TSH

The cervix is a barrier. What does it separate?

unsterile vagina and sterile uterus

Which hormone is produced in the uterine body?

PGF2a

Which hormones are produced in the ovaries?

Estradiol, progesterone, inhibin

Which neurons control GnRH secretion?

KNDy

The "gatekeeper" of reproduction is?

Kisspeptin

What is the "start" signal of KNDy neurons?

Neurokinin B

What is the "stop" signal of KNDy neurons?

Dynorphin

What does RFRP3 do?

Inhibit KNDy neurons and GnRH

What do LH, FSH, and TSH have in common?

Alpha subunit

What are the two main roles of oxytocin in female reproduction?

Stimulates PGF2a, lactation

___ is produced and secreted by the follicle in response to gonadotropins

Estradiol

What are the discussed target organs of estradiol?

Hypothalamus, pituitary, uterus, mammary gland

In female reproduction, what two processes does estradiol induce?

Behavioral estrus, pre-ovulatory LH surge

Where in the follicle is inhibin produced?

granulosa cells

What hormone can be checked to indicate PCOS?

AMH

Which two hormones play a role in deviation of a dominant follicle?

GH, IGF1

How does deviation of a dominant follicle occur?

IGF1 injected into 2nd largest follicle

In long day breeders, what effect does melatonin have?

Suppress GnRH

In ewes and does, GnRH is stimulated by...?

Melatonin

Other than the pituitary, where can prolactin be synthesized?

Ovary

Administration of ___ and then ___ will result in the best-case scenario in inducing early cyclicity in mares

Estradiol, a dopamine antagonist

What is the rate limiting step of steroid production?

Cholesterol is moved into mitochondria via StAR

After it is sent to the mitochondria, cholesterol is converted into _____.

Pregnenolone

Cholesterol is converted to pregnenolone by what enzyme?

P450scc

What are the two cell types in the two cell theory of estradiol production?

Theca and granulosa

Theca cells are targeted by which gonadotropin?

LH

Which cell type do androgens come from?

Theca

Which cell type in the two cell theory is targeted by FSH?

Granulosa

What are the phases of the estrous cycle?

Follicular, luteal

Which phase of the estrous cycle is dominated by estradiol?

Follicular

Which phase of the estrous cycle is dominated by progesterone?

Luteal

As a follicle grows, it produces increasing concentrations of ___ and ___becomes ___ dependent

Estradiol and inhibin; LH

How do granulosa cells regulate gonadotropins?

Turn off FSH, turn on LH

During the follicular phase, why does estradiol concentration increase?

need certain of estradiol for GnRH surge

What effect does estradiol have on FSH, if any?

Inhibitory