Laboratory 10: The Digestive System and Laboratory 11: Respiratory System

alimentary canal

a tube that extends from the mouth to the anus (AKA gastrointestinal tract)

oral (buccal) cavity

non-keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelia

vestibule

space between lips and teeth

labial frenulum

fold that connects lips to gums

tongue

manipulates food for chewing and swallowing

lingual frenulum

attaches tongue to base of mouth

Papillae

bumps on tongue

filiform papillae

no taste buds, roughen tongue, smaller

fungiform papillae

taste buds, slightly larger (look like mushrooms)

foliate papillae

slit like, lateral on tongue, taste buds in childhood but not adulthood

circumvallate papillae

largest, v shape on posterior tongue with taste buds

sulcus terminalis

marks border between mouth and pharynx

lingual tonsils

located at the base of the tongue

palate

roof of the mouth

hard palate

anterior 4/5: palatine process of maxilarry bones

posterior 1/5: horizontal plaate of palatine bone

soft palate

muscular posterior (back) portion of the palate

uvula

closes off nasopharynx during swallowing

palatine tonsils

inferior to uvula, lateral sides of throat

gingivae

gums

teeth

hard bony projections in the jaws for masticating (chewing) food

Incisors

front teeth

canines (cuspids)

2 pairs in anterior corners of mouth, responsible for holding, tearing, and piercing

bicuspids (premolars)

-Flattened crowns

-Prominent ridges

-Used to crush, mash, and grind

-Have one or two roots

Molars

Back teeth that grind food

Dental formula

The numerical description of a species' teeth, listing the number, in one quadrant of the jaws, of incisors, canines, premolars, and molars.

Adult: 2I, 1C, 2P, 3M (32 total)

Deciduous: 2I, 1C, 2M (20 total)

crown

Visible part of the tooth. pulp cavity, enamel, dentin

pulp cavity

contains blood vessels and nerves

enamel

hard, outermost layer of a tooth

Dentin

Dense tissue forming the bulk of a tooth.

neck of tooth

where the crown and root meet

root of tooth

below the gum line. cementum, periodontal ligament, root canal

Cementum

Specialized, calcified connective tissue that covers the anatomic root of a tooth.

periodontal ligament

attaches tooth to jaw

root canal

where the pulp cavity extends into the root

salivary glands

stratified cuboidal epithelium

parotid salivary gland

glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX

secretes serous fluid

parotid salivary duct

brings saliva to mouth from parotid gland (under ear)

submandibular salivary gland

Facial nerve CN VII

secretes mucous and serous fluid

submandibular salivary duct

Straight, flat duct that arises from deep part of submandibular gland and heads toward the anterior aspect of the floor of the mouth

sublingual salivary gland

Facial nerve CN VII. Secretes mucous

sublingual salivary duct

Are located beneath the tongue, superior to the sublingual glands in the anterior portion of the floor of the mouth. 10-12 ducts

Pharynx

throat

nasopharynx

inferior sphenoid bone to soft palate

Tissue: ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelia

pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)

single tonsil on wall of nasopharynx

tubal tonsils

surround the openings of the auditory tubes into the pharynx

oropharynx

soft palate to epiglottis

non-keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelia

laryngopharynx

epiglottis to inferior side of cricoid cartilage

non-keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelia

Epiglottis

flap of elastic cartilage that directs food

Elastic Cartilage

Esophagus

A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.

non-keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelia

esophageal hiatus

opening in the diaphragm allowing the esophagus to pass through and enter abdomen

cardiac sphincter

helps prevent regurgitation of stomach contents. Closes off the stomach.

stomach

large muscular sac that continues the mechanical and chemical digestion of food

Lined by Non-Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelia with Microvilli

rugae

help stomach expand to allow more food to come in

lesser curvature

curve on superior side of stomach

lesser omentum

attaches stomach to liver

greater curvature

curve on inferior side of stomach

greater omentum

part of the peritoneum attached to the stomach and to the colon and covering the intestines

stomach regions

cardia, fundus, body, pyloric

cardia region

where the esophagus enters the stomach

fundus region

balloons out toward left side

body of stomach

middle section

pyloric region

narrower pouch at the inferior end

pyloric canal

space where it starts to narrow

pylorus

space that the sphincter surrounds

pyloric sphincter

closes opening between stomach and small intestine

small intestine

Digestive organ where most chemical digestion and absorption of food takes place

Tissue: non-ciliated simple columnar epithelia with microvilli

Duodenum

first portion of the small intestine. right side

Jejunum

upper left

Ileum

third part of the small intestine

plicae circulares

folds that increases surface area for nutrient absorption

mesentary

fatty tissue attaching stomach and duodenal wall and to self

large intestine

Absorbs water and forms feces

Tissue: non-ciliated simple columnar epithelia with microvilli

taeniae coli

helps large intestines contract into haustra

Haustra

pouches that form in the large intestine

epiploic appendages

fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum

Cecum

first part of the large intestine. Big bag

ileocecal valve

helps control flow of ileum of small intestine and cecum of large intestine

vermiform appendix

hangs from the lower portion of the cecum

ascending colon

the part of the large intestine that ascends from the cecum to the transverse colon

hepatic flexure

Bend between the ascending colon and the transverse colon.

transverse colon

passes horizontally from right to left toward the spleen

splenic flexure

area of the colon that bends downward near the spleen

descending colon

portion of the colon that extends downward from the transverse colon

sigmoid colon

an S-shaped structure that continues from the descending colon above and joins with the rectum below

Rectum

A short tube at the end of the large intestine where waste material is compressed into a solid form before being eliminated

anal canal

region, containing two sphincters, through which feces are expelled from the body

non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

anal columns

small longitudinal folds in the anal canal

anus

A muscular opening at the end of the rectum through which waste material is eliminated from the body

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

internal anal sphincter

smooth muscle, involuntary

external anal sphincter

skeletal muscle, voluntary

anal orifice

opening of the anus

Accessory Organs

help aide in digestion, but no food passes through

liver

4 lobes

Reticular Connective Tissue

right lobe

largest lobe of the liver

left lobe

smaller lobe of liver

quadrate lobe

the medial segment of the left lobe. anterior and cube shaped

caudate lobe

smallest lobe of the liver situated on the posterior side

falciform ligament

divides right and left

coronary ligament

attaches liver to diaphragm. closer to heart.

ligamentum teres (round ligament)

fetal reminent of umbilical vein