APUSH UNIT 2

People, Events, Dates, Stuff

America Post-Civil War

Indifferent to the outside world, but eventually seeked international expansion.

Why did the US look abroad?

Americans were eager to build an overseas empire emulating the European model of imperialism (acquire & exploit colonies). Also, the major power/countries had colonies/were also looking for international power. (frenzy)

Two different opinions on US looking abroad (others than acquiring and exploiting colonies)

1. Others favored a less formal empire where US interests & influence would be ensured through trade and investements

2. Others advocated a cultural expansionism in wh/ the nation exported its ideals and insitutions

Social Darwinists

Viewed the competition among nations as a struggle for survival.

Extreme Social Darwinists

believed that their superiority gave Americans the right to rule “inferior people”

John Burgess

Taught that we were destined to impose our political institution on the rest of the world

“White Man’s Burden”

A popular expression that carried w/ it a duty to aid & uplift other people. Inspired by Rudyard Kipling poem.

Expansion and masculinity

Some endorsed expansion consistent w/ their ideals of masculinity. It would help to build strength and honor among American males.

“Yellow Press” (effect on imperialism)

Led by Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst. Described foreign exploits as manly adventures. Created catching headlines (ex. ab situation in Cuba) that evoked emotion in American readers. ex. wanting to help Cuba and fight Spain.

Missionaries (imperialism)

Promoted expansionism. Religious groups increased the number of Protestant foreign missions. Women organized and served in missionary societies. Missions often resembled a cultural conversion b/c they promoted trade, developed business interests, and encouraged westernization through technology & education.

Why did Americans feel a sense of crisis?

B/c they had run out of physical space and felt their frontier experience was over.

Rev. Josiah Strong

Our Country - Wrote how the US would turn into Europe w/ their “class conflicts and gross inequality”.

Why did US Navy have to be improved?

To protect the country from foreign aggression (the frenzy of going after foreign lands)

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Wrote The Influence of Sea Power Upon History & inspired America to quickly build up it's Navy. Wanted to compliment the navy by building the Panama Canal, annexing Hawaii & other Pacific islands.

Sec. of State William Seward

• Laid the foundation for a more aggressive role in foreign affairs.

• Seward’s Folly

• 1867: Purchased Alaska from Rusia for $7.2 million

• Approved Navy’s occupation of Midway Islands

• Pushed US trade onto Japan

• tried to acquire Caribbean naval bases

Seward’s Folly

Mocking name for Seward’s purchase of Alaska for so much money. Thought it was dumb because it was a bunch of ice and polar bears..

Sec. of State James G. Blaine

• Big Sister Policy:

• Wanted trade barriers reduced to increase trade w/ L.A.

• Pan-American Conference

Big Sister Policy

• aimed at rallying Latin America (L.A) behind US leadership & opening L.A. markets to US traders.

Pan-American Conference

Helped to promote hemispheric understanding & cooperation.

• L.A. rejected US over involvement

Venezuela Bounday Dispute

• Dispute-boundary b/w British Guiana & Venezuela intensified once gold was discovered in the area.

• US used Monroe Doctrine to argue they controlled the W. Hemisphere & would arbitrate the situation

• War seemed inevitable until GB agreed to arbitration

Great Rapprochement

Time when US and GB started cultivating a better relationship.

Hawaii (I’m sorry I don’t know how to split this up into different flashcards)

• US began to regard Hawaii as an extension of our coastline

• 1840’s US state dept. warned other powers to keep

  out.

• 1875-US allowed Hawaiian sugar to be duty free & their economy became dependent on it

• 1890-McKinley Tariff raised the tariff on their sugar,

  ending the Hawaiian advantage & their economy

  took a nose dive

• McKinley Tariff helped push for annexation b/c if it

  was annexed, it wouldn’t be a foreign country &

  then wouldn’t have to pay the duty

• 1893-US planters overthrew Queen Liliuokalani

• Marines were ordered to protect the Americans & declare it an American protectorate

• Senate tried to rush the treaty through before Harrison was out b/c Cleveland opposed it

• He thought the Queen had been wronged but Congress refused to step down

• B/c of the S.A. War, many were convinced Hawaii was needed as a coaling & weigh station

• July 7th 1898-Hawaii was annexed

McKinley Tariff

1890-McKinley Tariff raised the tariff on their sugar ending the Hawaiian advantage & their economy took a nose dive

Cuban Revolt

• 1895-Cuban masses began to revolt

• Sugar production was crippled w/high US tariffs & desperate Cubans wanted to drive out the Spanish

• Insurrectos torched cane fields & sugar mills

• American sympathies went out to the Cubans but this revolution menaced w/US interests

• Gen. “the Butcher” Weyler, rounded up rebels & sympathizers & confined them in re-concentration camps

• Thousands died of starvation & disease

General Weyler “The Butcher”

Rounded up rebels & sympathizers & confined them in re-concentration camps

Yellow Press Effect on Cuba Revolt Opinion in the US (and really just their general effect on everything tbh) and the two people involved!

• Sought to provide a daily diet of Spanish atrocity.

• Pulitzer and Hearst

• Exaggerated facts to sell headlines, sometimes outright lied. Spurred emotions.

Reasons US Supported the Cubans

1. Religion-Protestant vs Catholic

2. Root for the underdogs

3. Empathized w/their struggle

4. **! 1898-DeLome Letter-Spanish minister wrote a letter about McKinley being weak & Spain acting in bad faith

   • Letter was stolen & published by the Yellow Press, he resigned but the damage is done

5. Feb 15th 1898-USS Maine blew up killing 260 men

   • US sent ship to Cuba for a “friendly visit”

   • Spain said they didn’t do it, yellow press said they did

   • “Remember the Maine, to Hell w/Spain”

Agreement b/w Spain and US before war, that eventually did lead to war anyway. And how McKinley felt

• Spain agreed to 2 demands, but war fever was still high

1. Grant an armistice to the rebels

2. End re-concentration camps

• Spain refused both arbitration & Cuban ind.

• McKinley was now caught in the middle

Declared war for 3 reasons

1. American opinion was not satisfied-only wanted ind. for Cuba

2. Congress would’ve gone to war w/o him

3. Didn’t want to look weak & lose 1900 nomination

Conditions of the Spanish-American War

1. Cuba must be free

2. Spain must withdraw from the island

3. President could use armed forces to obtain these ends

4. The US wouldn’t annex Cuba-Teller Amendment

• “Splendid Little War” b/c it was short, cheap & few US lives were lost

Dewey’s May Day Victory at Manila

• US Navy was told to invade the Philippines in the event of war

• May 1^st 1898-George Dewey led the Navy into Manila Bay & destroyed the whole Spanish Asiatic fleet, but waited for reinforcements before he could take the Philippines

• July 1898-US Navy sank Spanish fleet in Santiago

• August 13^th 1898-captured Manila w/the help of Filipino insurgents

The Confused Invasion of Cuba

• The US Army was not as impressive-War Dept. was very unorganized & had to recruit & train a large # of volunteers

• Led by Gen. William R. Shafter, his men were woefully unequipped

• Rough Riders led by Col. Leonard Wood & Lt. Col. Teddy Roosevelt-colorful regiment of volunteers from all walks of life 

• July 1^st 1898-Brisk fighting broke out at El Caney & Kettle Hill, where the Rough Riders suffered heavy casualties

• Rough Riders & 10^th Negro Cavalry led the US charge & captured San Juan Hill-but Rough Riders took all the credit

End of Spanish-American War

• July 17^th 1898-Spain surrendered

• August 12^th 1898-signed an armistice

• More Americans died from diseases & accidents than from bullets

• If the Spaniards held out a few months longer they might have won

• Spain & US met to work out the Treaty of Paris

• Spain agreed to:

1. Give Cuba their independence

2. Give Puerto Rico & Guam to the US

The Philippines/The Iissue w/ it Right After the Civil War

• Problems arose over the fate of the Philippines

1. Germany & Great Britain also had interest in it

2. Business-good investment for trade

3. Moral considerations-a great missionary effort

4. McKinley was torn on the best course of action for US to take w/the Philippines

• Spain eventually agreed to give it to the US for $20 million

Effect of the Treaty of Paris in the US

• Treaty of Paris caused major protest in the US

• Imperialists felt acquiring new land would be financially beneficial, help to secure our borders & was our national destiny

• Anti-imperialists believed acquiring colonies was immoral, feared new people would create racism & their cheap labor would hurt our Unions 

• Anti-Imperialist League tried to block the treaty from being signed, when that failed they turned to the Senate

How the Treaty was Passed/Ratified and what that made the US

• Feb. 6^th 1899-Treaty of Paris was narrowly ratified

• Pressured by McKinley, Republicans voted for the treaty

• W.J. Bryan, who wasn’t an imperialist, but believed it was important to end the war, swayed the Democrats.

• The US was now officially an empire

Debate about Constitution in Acquired Territories

• Does the Constitution follow the flag?

• Insular Cases- a divided Supreme Court decreed, the flag did outrun the constitution, they might be subject to American rule, but they did not enjoy full American rights

Foraker Act

• allowed a limited degree of gov’t, but still w/held full self-rule or great political rights (Puerto Rico and Cuba)

• It was a territory w/US Governor & no promise of statehood

• Economy was taken over by US investors wh/left most natives poor

• US made improvements in transportation, sanitation & developed a public health & education system but the people wanted full independence

Puerto Rico and Cuba Wanted Independence (Problems)

• Cuba didn’t gain independence as promised

• Gen. Wood-set up a military gov’t & produced miracles

• Modernized its financial system, built roads & public schools, developed a public health & sanitation program & eradicated yellow fever

• US only w/drew from Cuba, after forcing them to add the Platt Amendment to their constitution

• 1901-Platt Amendment-restricted Cuba’s autonomy in diplomatic relations & internal financial affairs

• Required Cuba to lease naval bases to US & authorized US intervention to maintain order & Cuban ind.

• Also agreed to allow US to intervene w/troops to restore order when we saw fit 

Outcomes of the Spanish American War

1. Est. US as a growing world power

2. Made most Americans patriotic & imperialistic

3. Closed of the “bloody chasm” b/w the North & South 

“Little Brown Brothers” Philippines Revolt

• Feb. 4^th 1899-Emilio Aguinaldo led a revolt against the US trying to establish control

• US fought a full scale war to put down the revolt & used brutal measures 

• Anti-imperialists were outraged & protested the war

• 1901-US est. a colonial gov’t & named William Taft Governor 

• US est. an excellent school & public health system, roads & sanitation but Filipino involvement was limited & left them seething for independence

Situation in China (What was going on, how US felt)

• Europe est. “spheres of influence” in China

• US business felt if markets were open they would be able to dominate

Open Door Policy

• all major colonial powers would have equal trading privileges in China

• Established by a letter sent to all the major powers by Sec. of State John Hay

Rebellion in China (1900)

• Boxer Rebellion-”Boxers”, Chinese nationalists hated foreign interference & a rebellion broke out

• A multinational rescue force arrived & crushed the revolt & the Open Door Policy continued

Election of 1900

• Rep-William McKinley 

• Dem-William Jennings Bryan (Big L!)

• McKinley chose Roosevelt as his running mate b/c of his popularity 

• Bryan tried to make imperialism the main issue promising to free the Philippines, but most ardent anti-imperialists were conservatives who remained loyal to McKinley b/c of economic policies 

• McKinley won easily b/c of the good economy & successful war 

Theodore Roosevelt Nickname (not really a nickname but he’s called that in the presentation soooo)

Brandisher of the Big Stick

Teddy Roosevelt Brain Dump! (How’d he become prez, his beliefs/mottos)

• Sept 1901-McKinley was assassinated & Roosevelt became president

• Born into wealth, but extremely hardworking & active; believed it was better to “wear out than rust out”

• Above all he believed the president should lead boldly & take any action in the general interest that is not specifically forbidden by the Constitution

Panama Canal

• US wanted a canal to strengthen our Navy 

• Obstacles

1. 1850-Clayton-Bulwer Treaty-GB & US had to build a canal together

   • 1901-Hay-Pauncefote Treaty-GB renounced its rights to the canal

2.  Location-Panama vs. Nicaragua

   • Chose Panama b/c the French had already started

   • Bought the rights & equipment from the engineer, Philippe Bunau-Varilla, for $40million

• US offered Colombia $10 million & 250,000/year for 99 years, they rejected it

• Nov. 1903-Panama revolted against Colombia

• US Navy prevented Colombian troops from squashing the uprising

• 1^st action Panama took was to sign the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty 

• Canal soured our relations w/Latin America

• 1914-Construction completed

Dr. William Gorgas

Wiped out yellow fever (onsite of the Panama Canal,, he was related to it, trust)

Teddy Roosevelt and Monroe’s Doctrine

• Latin America defaulting on their European loans prompted further US involvement b/c TR feared that Europe would butt into L.A.

• Roosevelt Corollary-US would retain the right to intervene in the domestic affairs of Latin America in order to restore military & financial order

• 1905-US took over the management of the tariff collection in the Dominican Republic

• This helped promote the “Bad Neighbor” policy & was used to justify interventions by the US Marines 

Russo-Japanese War

GAVE TEDDY ROOSEVELT A CHANCE TO APPEAR ON THE WORLD STAGE!!

• Japan attacked Russia b/c they were threatened by their possible expansion into Manchuria & Korea

• Japan won early, but as the war dragged on they ran short on supplies & asked TR for help

• 1905-Treaty of Portsmouth-TR made sure treaty was even wh/left neither side happy 

• Our relationship w/both Russia & Japan soured

Japanese Laborers in California

• Japanese immigrants began pouring into California

• 1906-San Francisco segregated Asian & white students

• Gentlemen’s Agreement-US agreed to desegregate schools & Japan agreed to stop issuing passports to workers

• 1908-Root-Takahira Agreement-US & Japan pledged to respect each other’s territorial possessions in the Pacific & uphold the Open Door in China

Dollar Diplomacy

• Taft wants to use soft power, American investments, to influence events

The Dollar Goes Abroad as a Diplomat (purr!)

• Dollar Diplomacy

• US businesses would invest in countries to convince them to be friendly to the US

• Dollar Diplomacy in Action

• Manchuria-Manchurian railroad was being built & strangled by the Japanese & Russians 

• Sec. of State suggested buying the railroad & turning it over to China

• Japan & Russia refused, leaving Taft embarrassed

• Latin America-Taft is going to pumped in $ to keep out foreign funds & US marines to were sent there to keep order

• The Caribbean was basically Yankee Lake