Brain Part 2

In contrast with those of the brain, responses of the spinal reflexes…

Lying within each hemisphere inferior to the floor of the lateral ventricles are the…

If an individual has poor emotional control and difficulty in remembering past events, what area of the brain might be damaged or have a lesion? Lesion could be where?

Cranaial nerves are apart of XXX nervous system and connect to XXX. Each cranial nerve is attached to brain near the corresponding sensory or motor XXX. These are found if your remove a layer called?

In contrast with those of the brain, responses of the spinal reflexes are immediate. 

Lying within each hemisphere inferior to the floor of the lateral ventricles is/are the  basal nuclei.

If an individual has poor emotional control and difficulty in remembering past events, what area of the brain might be damaged or have a lesion? The person might have a lesion in the limbic system

Cranial nerves are peripheral nervous system and connect to the brain. Each cranial nerve os attached to the brain near its related sensory or motor nuclei. These are found if you remove the meningeal layer: dura mater.

No nerves in brain or spinal cord only:

If you pull the temporal lobe towards you, found deep to temporal lobe is the…

Optic chiasm:

Thalamus:

Most superior portion of brain stem:

Nuclei that coordinate visual and auditory reflex? Are these gray or white matter? Which nuclei is which?

These nuclei are found where in brain stem?

How many corpora qudrigmenina in total? 4, 2 of each. Which nuclei are which reflex?

The inferior and superior colliculu are found on the XXXX of the mid-brain.

Superior coniculli intiiates reflex response to XXXX stimuli.

Inferior coniculli inititates response to the XXX stimuli.

Which coniculli will coordinate head movement towards direction of loud sound?

No nerves in brain or spinal cord only axonal bundles.

If you pull the temporal lobe towards you, you see the insular lobe.

Optic chiasm: where the optic nerves cross

Thalamus: relay center

Most superior portion of brain stem: mesencephalon/midbrain

These are nuclei that coordinate visual and auditory reflex. 4 colliculi. 2 of each. Found in what in the mesencephalon. Gray or white matter?

Gray.

Superior colliculi: visual reflex

Inferior colliculi: auditory reflex

The superior and inferior colliculi are found on the tectum or roof of the mid-brai (mesencephalon). Superior: initiates reflex response to visual stimuli. Inferior: initiate a flex to auditory stimuli. Inferior colliculi: Coordinates movement of the head in the direction of a loud noise

Pons.

Houses which nerves.

Regulates XXXX.

Is it beneath the level of consciousness?

Coordinates involuntary/voluntary? XXXX XXXX XXXXX and muscle XXX. Relays XXX from to and from XXXX and XXXX XXX.

Has two centers what are they called?

Apneustic center is it inferior or superior? Does it end or begin resporation.

Pneumotaxic center does it end/cessation of begin respiration.

Modifies respiratoryXXX from XXXX.

House CN V, CN VI, CN VII, CN VIII.

Regulates respiration, respiratory regulation. It is beneath the level of consciousness, so it coordinates involuntary skeletal muscle movement and muscle tone. Relays information to and from brain/spinal cord. Done with apneustic center or pneumatixic centers. The apneustic center (inferior) is the beginning of respiration, while the pneumotaxic center is the cessation or end of respiration. Modifies the respiratory output from the medulla

Pineal body hangs off of? And superior to the? Looks like a? Helps with what? XXXX is metabolized into XXXX.

Hypothalamus:

Controls XXXX function.

Center for XXXX, which sets XXXX drives like? and XXXX.

Integrates with XXXX.

Has a bunch of XXXX.

Focus on the superchiasmatic nucleus.

The superchiasmatic nucleus is superior to the XXXX XXXX. So it has to do with your XXXX. And tied to XXX XXX. Regulates XXX XXXX.

The pineal body of pineal gland hangs off of the epithalamus and superior/above the superior colliculi. Looks like a pinecone. Helps with circadian rhythm. Where serotonin is metabolized into melatonin.

Hypothalamus: satiety, controls autonomic functions, control center for satiety: sets appetitive drives (hunger, thirst, sexual desire) and behaviors, sets emotional states (with limbic system)l integrates with the endocrine system. The hypothalamus has a bunch of nuclei. Focus on the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Superior to the optic chiasm, so it has to do with our vision, so our this nucleus is tied into the circadian rhythm: the suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus, the clock nucleus. Regulates daily circadian rhythms.

Pons and medulla work together.

XXXX output.

Medulla controls XXX function like:

Is it essential for life?

Medulla has XXX matter these are XXX centers.

Cardiac center: XXX mattter of medulla that regulates heart XXX and heart XXXX force.

Vasomotor center: XXX matter that regulates XXX XXX distribution.

Respiratory rhythmicity center: sets XXX movement pace.

Pons and medulla work together. Respiratory output. Medulla controls visceral functions like blood pressure, breathing, and heart rate. Essential for life.

The medulla gray matter uses these reflex centers. Cardiac center for its visceral functions: the medulla regulates heart rate and heart contraction force. Vasomotor center: gray matter that regulates blood flow distribution; Respiratory rhythmicity center: sets respiratory movement pace.

Cerebellum.

Inferior to the XXXX? Separated by XXX ventricle.

Does XXXX XXXX. All output is XXXX.

XXXX XXX and control of XXXX of body parts. Adjusts XXXX muscles and maintains XXXX, XXX-XXX XXX and XXXX movement.

In the middle. Meaning? Helps with XXX XXX. If you can’t walk in a straight line you have destroyed your cellebellar neurons.

Folia means?

White matter or tree of life?

While the frontal lobe is the XXX control of XXXX, the cerebellum is the XXX control of XXXX.

People say to use your XXX to play sports so you don’t mess up.

Inferior to the pons, separated by 4th ventricle. Subconscious coordination and control. Beneath the level of consciousness, all the output of the cerebellum is inhibitory. Subconscious coordination and control of movements of body parts. Adjusts postural muscles and maintains balance, fine-tunes voluntary and involuntary movements.

In the middle, it has a vermis (vermis: worm-like), helps with postural coordination (think of Michael Yards drunk kids), if you can’t walk in a straight line even when you're not drunk, you have destroyed the cerebellar neurons in vermis.

Folia (means plants). Arbor vitae, white matter tree of life. People say to do sports beneath the level of consciousness, so you don’t think about it, so you don’t mess up (gymnastics). So while the frontal lobe is the conscious control of muscle, the cerebellum is the unconscious/subconsious control of movement.

What nerve crosses over sella turcica?

The only cranial nerve that comes from dorsal brainstem/wraps dorsally on brain stem?

What nerve is fat and mid-pons?

What CN are found inferior aspect of pons, medial-lateral.

Superior to inferior along medulla, down brain stem, what CN:

What CN is medial to olivary nuclei (medulla nuclei)

CN XII is actually superior to what two?

CN II crosses over the sella turcica

The only cranial nerve that comes from the dorsal brainstem. Trochlear nerve means pulley. CN IV wraps dorsally on the brain stem. Will innervate the superior oblique muscle of eye.

CN V is fat and mid-pons

CN VI, CVII, CVIII from medial to lateral along the inferior pons

CN IX, CNX, CNXII all along superior to inferior along the medulla, down the brain stem

CN XII paradoxically is superior to CNX and CN XI and medial to the olivary nuclei of medulla

Igress-enter, Egress-exit.

olfactory foramina of cribriform plate:

Optic canal:

Superior orbital fissure:

Foramen rotundum:

Foramen ovale:

Internal acoustic meatus:

Jugular foramen:

Hypoglossal canal:

Which nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed?

Ingress-enter, Egress-exit

Olfactory formaina of cribiform plate: CN I, olfactory nerve

Optic canal (sphenoid bone): CN II, optic nerve

Superior orbital fissure: CN III, CN IV, CN V-1, CN VI

Foramen rotundum: CN V-2

Foramen ovale: CN V-3

Internal acoustic meatus: CN VII, CN VIII

Jugular foramen: CN IX, CN X, CN XI

Hypoglossal canal (occipital): CN XII

Sensory: CNI, CN II, CN VIII

Motor: CN III, CN IV, CN VI, CN XI, CN XII

Mixed: CN V, CN VII, CN IX, CN X

CN I

Innervates?

What go through the olfactory foramina? These then go to the? Then to the?

Primary function?

Origin? 2 answers

Passes through:

Destination:

Olfactory CN I: Special sensory.

Innervates: Olfactory epithelium.

Olfactory axons go through the olfactory foramina of the cribiform plate to the olfactory bulb to the cingulate gyrus.

Primary function: special sensory (smell) Origin: receptors of olfactory epithelium Passes through: cribriform plate of ethmoid Destination: olfactory bulb

Optic CN II

What foramen:

Modality:

Innervates what specific part?

Only what fields cross?

Origin:

Origin on brain:

Pass through:

Destination: XXXX by way of XXX XXX

Special sensory: vision.

Optic canal.

Innervates the retina of eye.

Only medial optic visual fields cross, lateral don’t.

Origin: retina of eye Passes through: optic canal of sphenoid. Destination: diencephalon by way of the optic chiasm

CN III

Modality.

Innervates:

Primary function:

Origin:

Pass through:

Destination:

somatic motor?

Visceral motor?

Occulomotor CN III: Motor. Superior orbital fissure. Innervates: Medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique extrinsic eye muscle, levator palpebrae mm, intrinsic eye mm: ciliary, pupillary.

Primary function: motor, eye movements Origin: mesencephalon. Passes through: superior orbital fissure of sphenoid Destination: Somatic motor: superior, inferior, and medial rectus muscles; the inferior oblique muscle; the levator palpebrae superioris muscle

Visceral motor: intrinsic eye muscles

CN IV

Modality

Primary function.

Origin:

Passes through:

Destination:

If damaged?

Trochlear CN IV: Motor. Superior orbital fissure. Innervates superior oblique muscle. Primary function: motor, eye movements Origin: mesencephalon Passes through: superior orbital fissure of sphenoid. Destination: superior oblique muscle. Double vision if damaged.

CN V

Modality?

3 branches:

Sensory to?

Motor to?

Includes what? Called? This is associated with?

V-1: XXXX (modality?) Through? Innervates XXX, XXX, XXXX XXX, XXX XXX, XXX, XXX

V-2: XXXX (modality?) Through? Innervates XXXX XXXX, XXX XXXX, XXX, XXX, XXX, XXX

V-3: XXXX (XXX). Through? Sensory innervation of XXX XXX, XXX, XXX, XXX, and XXX. Motor to XXXX XXXX.

Trigeminal V. Mixed. Sensory to face and motor to mastication/chewing muscles. Sensory ganglion: semilunar. Associated with jaw innervation.

3 Branches:

V-1 Ophthalmic (sensory). Superior orbital fissure. Sensory Innervates orbital, nasal cavity, forehead skin, upper eyelid, eyebrow, part of nose.

V-2 maxillary (Sensory). Foramen rotundum. Sensory innervates lower eyelid, upper lip, gums, and teeth, cheek, nose part, palate, and pharynx

V-3 mandibular (mixed). Foramen ovale. Sensory innervates lower gums, teeth, lips, palate, and tongue. Motor to mastication muscles.

CN VI

XXX eye.

XXX innerates what?

Primary function?

Origin:

Passes through?

Destination:

Abducens CN VI: Abducts eye. Motor innervates lateral rectus extrinsic eye mm. Primary function: motor, eye movements Origin: pons. Passes through: superior orbital fissure of sphenoid. Destination: lateral rectus muscle