APUSH Final

Jamestown

First permanent English settlement, known for tobacco farming.

John Winthrop

Puritan leader of Massachusetts Bay Colony; famous for 'City upon a Hill' sermon.

Mayflower Compact

First governing document of Plymouth Colony, establishing self-government.

Puritans

Religious reformers who founded Massachusetts Bay Colony for religious freedom.

Pilgrims

Separatists who established Plymouth Colony in 1620.

Social Covenant

Puritan belief in a moral community accountable to God and each other.

Carolina Crops

Cash crops like rice, indigo, and later cotton, grown with enslaved labor in the Carolinas.

French New Orleans

Port city founded by the French, later known for cultural diversity and trade.

Intolerable Acts

British laws punishing Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party, sparking colonial unity against Britain.

Committee of Correspondence

Groups organized to share information and coordinate resistance to Britain.

Stamp Act Congress

Colonial meeting to protest the Stamp Act and taxation without representation.

Boston Massacre

Clash between British soldiers and colonists, fueling anti-British sentiment.

Lexington and Concord

First battles of the Revolutionary War.

Olive Branch Petition

Last attempt to avoid war with Britain by appealing to King George III.

Declaration of Independence

Document declaring independence, authored by Thomas Jefferson.

Guerrilla Warfare

Small, irregular combat tactics used effectively by colonial militias during the Revolutionary War.

Cornwallis Surrender

British General Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown, ending the war.

Thomas Paine

Wrote Common Sense, inspiring colonial independence.

1st Amendment

Guarantees freedoms of speech, religion, press, assembly, and petition.

Louisiana Purchase

Jefferson bought vast territory from France, doubling U.S. land.

Election of 1800

Peaceful transfer of power between political parties, Federalists to Democratic-Republicans.

Thomas Jefferson

Third president, wrote the Declaration of Independence, oversaw the Louisiana Purchase.

Democratic-Republican

Political party founded by Jefferson and Madison advocating states’ rights.

Non-Intercourse Act

Reopened trade with all nations except Britain and France during the Napoleonic Wars.

XYZ Affair

French agents demanded bribes from U.S. diplomats, leading to the Quasi-War.

John Marshall

Chief Justice who established judicial review in Marbury v. Madison.

Missouri Compromise

Maintained balance between free and slave states and banned slavery north of 36°30′.

Erie Canal

Connected the Hudson River to the Great Lakes, boosting trade and migration.

Texas Independence

Texas broke away from Mexico and later joined the U.S.

Mexican-American War

Resulted in U.S. gaining vast lands in the Southwest.

Gadsden Purchase

Bought land from Mexico for a southern railroad route.

Manifest Destiny

Belief that the U.S. was destined to expand across North America.

Free Soil Party

Opposed the expansion of slavery into western territories.

Seneca Falls Convention

First women’s rights convention advocating suffrage and equality.

Patriarchy

Social system where men hold primary power in political, economic, and familial roles.

Star Spangled Banner

Written during the War of 1812 by Francis Scott Key, later became the national anthem.

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery in the U.S.

Freeport Doctrine

Stephen Douglas’s idea that territories could exclude slavery despite Dred Scott.

Dred Scott

Supreme Court decision declaring African Americans were not citizens.

Abolitionist

Advocates for the immediate end of slavery.

Lincoln Assassination

Lincoln was killed by John Wilkes Booth shortly after the Civil War ended.

Andrew Johnson

Became president after Lincoln’s assassination; struggled with Reconstruction policies.

President U. S. Grant

General during the Civil War and president during Reconstruction, enforcing African American rights.

15th Amendment

Gave voting rights to all men regardless of race or previous enslavement.