unit 2 research

population

group you want to study and as precise as needed

Representative sample

a small portion of the population that represents the survey, experiment, etc.

sampling bias

limits the generalizability of data to the population of interest

random sampling

to avoid sampling bias, participants are chosen at random from the population of interest

stratified sampling

ensuring a subgroup w/in population is equally represented and subgroups have an equal chance to participate in the study

external validity

questions whether results from a study can be generalized to different types of patients

case study

studying individual or small group in depth

survey/ interviews

less in-depth and large group sample to represent the whole

framing effect

stating a question/statement in a particular way that draws a specific response

naturalistic observation

watching and recording the behavior of an organism in their natural habitat

hindsight bias

bias after information has been revealed that we seemed to know it all along

overconfidence

tendency to think we know more than we do

confirmation bias

looking for information that supports what we believe in and ignoring contradictory evidence

false consensus effect

idea that since your close circle agrees with you that everyone else will

over v random

looking for an order when there isn’t one, example: coin toss

theory

as close to the truth you can get, highly researched and rigorous testing

hypothesis

testable prediction induced by theory, if.. then statment

research observation

application of hypothesis through observations

lab v real world

psychology concern about principals behind that explain behaviors

culture and gender

impact on behavior and more alike genetically as a species than different

limited deception

only allowed if necessary and must tell the person after

informed consent

informing participants about aspects of study and participation is voluntary

protection from harm and discomfort

freedom to withdraw at any time and must prevent suffering/ minimizing discomfort