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Creativity
Is the ability to produce something that is both new and valuable.
Schema
A is a mental framework, an organized pattern of thought about some aspect of the world.
Generativity
Means that the symbols of language can be combined to generate an infinite number of messages that have novel meaning.
Algorithms
Are formulas or precise sequences of procedures that automatically generate solutions.
Confirmation bias
Tending to look for evidence that will confi rm what they currently believe rather than looking for evidence that could disconfi rm their beliefs.
Overconfidence
The tendency to overestimate ones correctness in factual knowledge, beliefs, and decisions.
Pragmatics
A knowledge of the practical aspects of using language.
Concepts
Basic units of semantic memory- mental categoties into which we place objects, activities, abstractions, and events that have essential features in common.
Displacement
Refers to the fact that language allows us to communicate about events and objects that are not physically present.
Morphemes
The smallest units of meaning in a language.
Speech Segmentation
Perceiving where each word within a spoken sentence begins and ends.
Representativeness Heuristic
We think about how closely something fi ts our prototype for that particular concept, or class, and therefore how likely it is to be a member of that class.
Divergent Thinking
The generation of novel ideas that depart from the norm.
Wisdom
Is a system of rich, expert knowledge about fundamental matters of life.
Psycholinguistics
Is the scientific study of the psychological aspects of language.
Grammar
Is the set of rules that dictates how symbols can be combined to create meaningful units of communication.
Mental Representations
Include images, ideas, concepts, and principles.
Heuristics
Are general problem- solving strategies, similar to mental rules- of- thumb, that we apply to certain classes of situations.
Incubation
Processing a problem, presumably at a subconscious level, while doing some other activity.
Bottom-up Processing
Individual elements of a stimulus are analyzed and then combined to form a unified perception.
Bilinualism
The regular use of two languages.
Syntax
The rules that govern the order of words.
Proposition thought
Expresses a proposition, or statement.
Functional Fixedness
The tendency to be so fi xed in their perception of the proper function of an object or procedure that they are blinded to new ways of using it.
Phonological awareness
To refer to this overall awareness of the sound structure of ones language.
Surface Structure
Consists of the symbols that are used and their order.
Means-ends Analysis
Involves identifying differences between the present situation and a desired goal, and then making changes that reduce these differences
Top Down Processing
Sensory information is interpreted in light of existing knowledge, concepts, ideas, and expectations
Deductive Reasoning
We reason from the top down, that is, from general principles to a conclusion about a specific case.
Deep Structure
Refers to the underlying meaning of the combined symbols.
Motoric Thought
Relates to mental representation of motor movements.
Subgoal analysis
Formulating subgoals, or intermediate steps, toward a solution.
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