Endocrine and Heart Practical

The general names for organs that produce hormones

glands

target areas

regions that are receptive to hormones

what the pineal gland secretes

melatonin

pineal gland location

epithalamus

hormones the posterior pituitary gland stores

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

oxytocin

what secretes ADH and oxytocin

the hypothalamus

hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

GH (growth hormone)

Gonadotropins

• LH (luteinizing hormone)

• FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)

hormones secreted by the thyroid gland

T3 (triiodothyronine)

T4 (tetraiodothyronine, aka thyroxine)

Calcitonin

hormones secreted by the parathyroid gland

PTH (parathyroid hormone, aka parathormone)

hormones secreted by the thymus

thymosin

hormones produced in the pancreas

insulin

glucagon

somatostatin

what hormone is produced by alpha cells in pancreatic islets

glucagon

what hormone is produced by beta cells in pancreatic islets

insulin

what hormone is produced by delta cells in pancreatic islets

somatostatin

hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex

corticosteroid hormones

hormones produced by the adrenal medulla

epinephrine and norepinephrine

hormones produced by the gonads

sex hormones

• testosterone (testes)

• estrogen and progesterone (ovaries)

effects of melatonin

regulates sleep cycles

inhibits release of reproductive hormones

effects of ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

stimulates reabsorption & retention of water by kidneys

increases blood pressure by causing constriction of arterioles

effects of oxytocin

causes uterine contractions

stimulates contraction of the cells of the mammary glands (causes release of milk)

effects of LH (luteinizing hormone) and FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)

stimulate production of sex cells (gametes) in ovaries and testes

regulates production of:

• estrogen and progesterone in ovaries

• testosterone in testes

effects of TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones

effects of GH (growth hormone)

promotes growth of most of the cells and tissues of the body

effects of T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine)

increase basal metabolic rate

increase protein synthesis

effects of calcitonin

lowers blood calcium levels

effects of PTH (parathyroid hormone)

increases blood calcium levels

effects of thymosin

causes maturation of T-cells

effects of glucagon

raises blood sugar levels

effects of insulin

lowers blood sugar levels

effects of somatostatin

inhibits glucagon and insulin production

effects of corticosteroids

regulates water and electrolyte balance

important in:

• carb, protein, & fat metabolism

• stress management

effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine

preps body for:

• physical activity

• immediate stress/fear

effects of testosterone

development of male genitalia (during embryonic and fetal development)

development of secondary sex characteristics

effects of estrogen and progesterone

regulates ovarian cycle

development of secondary sex characteristics

A

the hypothalamus

B

the pituitary gland

C

parathyroid glands

D

the thymus

E

the adrenal glands

F

the pineal gland

G

the thyroid

H

the pancreas

I

the ovaries

J

the testes

structure that connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland

the isthmus

A

Zona glomerulosa

B

Zona fasciculata

C

zona reticularis

D

adrenal medulla

area the heart is located in

mediastinum

layers of the heart wall (superficial to deep)

epicardium

myocardium

endocardium

layer superficial to pericardial cavity

parietal pericardium

inter-ventricular groove

depression between the 2 ventricles on anterior surface of heart

vessels that take blood to the right atrium

superior & inferior vena cava, coronary sinus

blood flow through the heart

superior & inferior vena cava → R. atrium → tricuspid valve → R. ventricle → pulmonary valve → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins → L. atrium → mitral valve → L. ventricle → aortic valve → aorta

what blood vessels nourish the heart tissue

the coronary arteries

2 blood vessels that carry blood to the coronary sinus

great cardiac vein and small cardiac vein

what separates the left and right atrium

interatrial septum

what the P wave represents

atrial depolarization

what the PR interval represents

AV conduction

what the QRS complex represents

ventricular depolarization

what the T wave represents

ventricular repolarization

why atrial repolarization isn’t shown on an ECG

because ventricular depolarization happens at the same time, so the big QRS complex covers it

normal resting heart rate range

60-100 bpm

tachycardia

100+ bpm

badycardia

below 60 bpm

normal resting blood pressure

120/80 mmHG

hypertension

140/90 mmHG

systolic pressure

pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts

diastolic pressure

pressure in the arteries when the heart relaxes

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

the actual pressure the arteries would sustain if blood flow was not pulsating

(the average pressure in the cardiovascular system)

cardiovascular output (CO)

the amount of blood leaving the heart per minute (L/min)

effects of exercise on HR

increase heart rate in the moment

overtime lowers resting heart rate

Korotkoff sounds

the “lub-dub” sounds heard when listening to bp

causes the “lub” sound

the closure of AV valves (tricuspid and mitral valve)

ventricular pressure rises above atrial pressure

causes the “dub” sound

the closure of aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves

ventricular pressure falls below atrial pressure

electrical conductivity of the heart

sinoatrial node (SA) → atrioventricular node (AV) → bundle of His → Left and Right branches → purkinje fibers

supplies blood to the kidneys

renal arteries

supplies blood to the brain

internal carotid arteries and basilar artery

supplies blood to the stomach, spleen, and liver

celiac trunk

supplies blood to the testes/ovaries

gonadal arteries

supplies blood to the small intestine and proximal portion of the large intestine

superior mesenteric artery

supplies blood to the distal portion of large intestine

inferior mesenteric artery

blood vessel obstructed due to plaque

atherosclerosis