Comparative Anatomy: Chapter 6,7,8

Allow stuff to move and things hangs off.

Pectoral girdle

____ brace fins and limbs against counter forces.

Girdles

Girdles are braced against one or more components of the _____ for stability.

Axial

The forces exerted on the girdles and appendages are greatest in ____ vertebrates

Terrestrial

Pelvic girdles holds ______

Legs

What are the parts of pelvic girdle

ilium, ischium, and pubis

What are the bones makes of pectoral girdle?

Clavicle, coracoid, scapula

some vertebrates only have ___ limbs

Front

_____ limbs arise during embryogenesis as paired limb buds

Tetrapods

______ are made through an evolutionary process to increase chances of survival of individual due to environmental stress.

Adaptation

____ have a pectoral girdle attached to the skull.

Fish

____ have a separate pectoral girdle and skull.

Tetrapod

Birds have adaptation for ____

Flight wings

____ have adaptation to survive on land and in the water by developing flippers.

Oceanic mammals

____ have a pectoral girdle inside the rib cage.

Turtles

limbs provide leverage for _____ on land.

Locomotion

Wrist, ankle and digits are resting on the ground.  Ex: bears, primates, marsupials. what type of adaptation is this?

Plantigrade

Weight is placed on digital arches with wrist and ankle elevated.

Digitigrade.

.  They can run faster and walk silently with more agility. What type of adaptation is this?

Digitigrade

What is the example of digitigrade?

Dog and cat

In what type of adaptation wrists and ankles are elevated off the ground. 

Unguligrade

There is a reduced number of digits. Thick hooves developed

Unguligrade

What is an example of Unguligrade?

Deer

What are the bone of forelimb.

• Humerus

• Radius

• Ulna

• Carpus

• Metacarpus

• Phalanges

What are the bones of hindlimb?

• Femur

  Tibia

  Fibula

  Tarsus

  Metatarsus

  Phalanges

The pectoral girdle is a skeletal complex in ____

The body wall

pectoral girdle supports the ____

Pectoral fin

Pectoral girls is made up of?

Cartilage (mainly), cartilage replacement bone, dermal bones derived from bony plates.

In modern fishes, the _____ has become the major bone of the pectoral girdle.

Cleithrum

There no ____ in pectoral idle of a fish.

Clavicle

The cleithrum is attached tot he skull and supports the _____ and the ____ bones

Supracleithrum and post temporal

_____ is the largest dermal bone of the pectoral girdle which has the muscular attachment.

Cleithrum

there are no _____ in pelvic girdle.

Dermal components

____ skeletal elements that support the pelvic girdle fin are embedded in the musculature of the trunk.

Endochondral

______ plates are the support structures and meet at the pelvic symphysis.

Ischiopubic

____ is used for steering.

Caudal fin

Fins are there to prevent the body from ____

Pitching and rolling

Fins can break ____

Forward motion

Fins can cause forward ____

Propulsion

_____ attach the fin to the pectoral girdle

Basal pterygiophores

_____ is modified to be stable for flight.

pectoral girdle

Which bones supports the wings?

Coracoid and clavicle

_____ articulates with the humerus and is attached to the rib cage.

Scapula

____ is formed by the ventral fusion of the left and right clavicles.

Furcula (wish-bone)

____ has a large keel for the attachment of flight muscles.

Sternum

What ar the bones that are fused with multiple vertebrae forming a synsacrum in pelvic girdle of a bird.

allium, ischium, pubis are all fused

What are the bones of forelimbs?

• Humerus

• Radius

• Ulna

• Carpus

• Phalanges

____ are greatly reduced in size.

Femur and fibula

______ connects the femur with the fused tibia and tarsal bones.

Tibiotarsus

___is fused in hindlimb

Tarsometatursus

pectoral girdle of the pig do not have which structure?

No clavicle

____ is the large, flat bone with a spine and coracoid processes in pig?

Scapula

What are the bones of forelimbs in pig?

• humorous

• Radius

• Ulna

• Carpus

• Metacarpus

• Digits

What are the bones of hemipelvis that have three bones in pig?

allium, ischium, pubis.

______ of the hip joint is formed by the pelvis in pig?

Acetabulum

Tuber coaxae (hook bone) comes in?

Ilium

____ forms the floor of the pelvic cavity?

Ischium and pubis

what type of bone does ischium and pubis have?

Ischial tuber (pin bone)

what are the bones of hindlimb in pid of tarsus?

talsus and calcaneus

The connection between any of the skeleton’s rigid part is ___

joints

What allows one surface to glide over another?

Synovial joint

SJ requires the presence of _____ over each bone surface and ____ for lubrication.

articular cartilage, synovial fluid

In SJ, the nerve fibers for the joint are located in the ______.

Joint capsule

_____ of the synovial membrane secretes the joint fluid.

Inner layer

The ___ layer of the joint capsule is fibrous and is attached the periosteum of each bone.

Outer

The meniscus within the joint serves as _____

Cushioning

The blood and nerve supply to the joint usually enter the bone near the _____.

Capsule attachment

The _____ from a network around the cartilage and provide a source of nutrition to the articular cartilage.

capillaries

______ is a major component of synovial fluid as well as a glycoprotein called _____.

Hyaluronic, lubricin

T/F: During growth, articular cartilage is capable of  regeneration and repairs defects.

True

T/F: Individual muscle fiber either contracts completely or not at all.

True

What is the mechanism to eliminate excess heat.

Oanting or sweating

Spasmodic muscle contractions that increase heat production.

Shivering