Greece Test yo

Why is it called the dark age?

called this because there was an absence of life/understanding, no written sources

Sources of Dark Age

-Pottery

-lack of Writing

-Architecture

-Burial Sites

-Architecture

Plain, functional, no monuments

Pottery

limited understanding of manufacturing processes due to limited contact, very simple, no hero depictions, no glaze, lost methods

epic poetry

-oral tradition only

-motive to do duties, like mentors, be strong resilient, cunning

Heroic code for tough times

History of glorious times, and promise better times

characteristics of dark age

-No greek language, currency, or innovation

- just village

-Competition over scarce resources

Oikos

-Household

-Family based

-Head man

-grow what needed

Acropolis

-Mountain top

-Fort, Government center, Storage, Cultural center, long rectangular ceiling, hole for fire, livestock at night

-not artistic or fancy

demos

(family, beloning, most importantly citizen, memeber of city state, get concept of democracy from this later on, contributing emmeber of the poli, throughout dark and arcahic weather age, people can contribute, preodminantly adult males)

"Clean Slate"

-Loss of all major institutions

-Greeks reboot civilization

-new language

-new political

-family and epic only thing that stayed

Transition from Dark to Archaic

CLIMATE IMPROVING (BETTER AGRICULTURE) AND DORIANS ASSIMILATE (LOCALS NOT INVADERS THAT KILLS)

Polis

-greek word for city-state

-agricultural field surround

-open

-small (everyone knows each other)

-competition/ STASIS among city-states, NEED MORE RECOURCES NEED MORE ROOM

Apoika

TAKE EVERYTHING AT HOME AND BUILD SOMEWHERE NEW, NOT AT EXPENSE OF OTHERS, NOT A CONQUEST

Areté

-MUST BE RECOGNIZED AND OBSERVED BY PEOPLE

-Courage Physical: defying danger, mental: standing up for beliefs, moral: willingness to try new ideas and thoughts)

-Excellence (mind: wise and can understand concepts , body: run, lift, work body, spirit: ability to stick to belief and hold on may be family or religious)

How was Greece different than other civilizations?

Different geography (not flat or narrow)

More isolated although they have a common language all are separate city-states

Not one ruler over all of Greece like we would see in other civilizations

No centralized power so have different social order

Pull yourself up and change your rank

In other civilizations social class set

What was a hoplite, and who was expected to fill this role?

A hoplite was a heavily armed foot soldier. Ordinary, physically capable male citizens were expected to fill this role, not just the elite (warrior to soldier).?

Why was the hoplon, or shield, so important to the man to the right of the shield-bearer?

It was important for the formation because half of the shield protected the person on the left. You relied on the people next to you, and teamwork would be essential for victory. The protection was essential since fighting was no longer one-on-one, and you could not stand alone. Soldiers would have to be on equal footing. Overall, losing your shield would not just put you at risk but your neighbor and the total formation

What is, "Good Strife?" Where does this concept come from?

Gives rise to the foundation of western civilization

Basis of identity

Strife leads to greatness as long as it is the right kind of strife

Bad fosters evil and war

But good strife means healthy competition

Work ethic

People advance when they try to achieve greatness and want to improve

Competition fuels innovation

Pursue excellence

what developed as a result of the polis

wealthy upper class (THESE PEOPLE THEN BECOME SOURCE OF GOV RATHER THAN A KING, ELECTED)

5 reasons for colonizing

1. Fertile land/agriculture

2. Actually outgrew old and population too big

3. Conflict within polis, among different polis

4. Trade

5. love for adventure (areté)

What were the two waves colonization and where did they go?

Two main waves of greek colonization

Mid 8th Century

Italy and Western Mediterranean

Mid 7th Century

Aegean and Black Sea

Causes of the Dark Ages

Causes

Dorian invasion, Sea people, explosion at Thera, internal uprising, systemic collapse

Corinthian Helmet

helps project voice and protects

Hoplon Shield

shield, large, circular, bronze, wood, design of city, symbols, colors MOST IMPORTANT

Falcata

stabbing sword, protect knuckles

Greaves:

protect legs (shins)

Bronze Breast Plate:

fitted to person like a cast

Doru:

spear held by far end

PHALANX:

new formation that protected the person to the left of you with your shield, can't stand alone, not one on one and need trust

Spiridon Marinatos

marine archeologist who was credited with proving that the explosion at thera occurred

Heraclidae

descdents of hercules and the dorians claim to be these decsnedents (gives them legitamcy, trult believed it)

gla

one of the largest archeology sites of bronze age (compare it to dark and show how beautiful vs how abandoned)

Pelest/philistines

-written on the amarna tablet

-one name for sea peoples saying maybe not just mirgatory group

-from palestinains

-only evidence in addition to some linguistic (otherwise could be made up)

Kleros

ancestral pots during dark age, pictographic, stick figures

agora

"the gathering place," a large open space at or near the center of the city. The agora became the marketplace and public space of the city and therefore of the whole polis. It was the place where male citizens congregated to do business, gossip, and make political deals. Market stalls were sheltered in shaded colonnades called stoas. Official buildings, such as the council house, dis-tinguished the agora as the state center; sanctuaries, fountain houses, and public monuments gave it grace and dignity.

oikistes

Founder: DOES ALL MAJOR JOBS

Leader of expedition

Knowledge of area

Ability to secure investments

Gain metropolis permission and endorsement

Address oracle for blessing

Head of all things in new colony

Pithaecusa

First colony 773 BCE

tanis

North

Ukraine: Tanis

Grain

Kleos

Spirit of competition, glory

sybil

fortune-teller; prophetess(other name for pythia?) look at vid plus textbook

Mt. Parnassus

Above the site of Delphi, sacred to Apollo, geographical center of greece

agon

contest, struggle, strife (need struggle to succeed and is for a purpose)

pytho

According to the myth, Apollo slew the serpent at the sanctuary of Delphi and left its carcass out to rot; the root of Pytho (Greek for "I rot") is said to be behind the terms used in reference to the priestess, the Pythia, as well as the Pythian Games celebrated at Delphi.

Spondophoroi

-"announcers/broadcasters"

-greek messengers and communicate abt olympics and the winners

Kallipateira

daughter of Diagorids of Rhodes (boxer) and from entire family of athletes. disguised herself as a man to watch son compete in games and was caught but unpunished. only woman to have attended the games and after a law was passed that all trainers had to enter naked to avoid this mistake again

Menander

Crowded market of acrobats, amusements and thieves."

Eris

is the god like personifcatin of the struggle, eris was released by pandora

Pankration

The "all-powerful" contest, a combination of boxing and wrestling, no gloves, no biting, very dangerous

quoit

Practical training for war and hunting

First record is in Iliad

Length of a man

Leather strap used to help strength and accuracy

Distance and target (from horse) were events

Lefkandi

proves that people are still doing relatively well and creatively, artistic, read in oxford ,big house, burials with horses similar to offering during bronze, had many riches and gold, not completely isolated

agathos/kakos (hoi agathpi, hoi kakoi, hoi poloi)

good/brave and cowards/useless then the many "the good" (hoi agathoi) on the basis

of their wealth and ancestry, while lumping together those outside the landed no-

bility as "the bad" (hoi kakoi) and "the many" (hoi polloi).

Pylos Tablets

talks of devastation of dorians , linear b

Egypts aramana tablets/

Hittite texts

evidence of the sea peoples

importance of delphi

Sacred space and Center(universe, religion, literally geographic, people from all over came even before they began studying it more closely, wisdom to answer questions and make decisions, ) Center of greece, universe, and spirituality

how is greece the center of the universe

Zues released two eagles, east and west, and they met at Delphi

Center and possible origins of cosmos

Greek model of universe has Earth and Ocean surrounding it

origin of delphi

Poseidon has domain over it until usurped by Apollo

Apollo slayed a mythic dragon/serpent Pytho on the spot

Origins of the Olympic Games

Zues held physical contests to commemorate his victory over Cronus

Agamemnon's Grandfather, Pelops, won a race to gain a woman's hand in marriage

Apollo beat Hermes in a foot race and Ares in a boxing match: two most important and main events (foot race and boxing)

timing of the olympics

First full moon after the summer solstice:planned similarly now

Hellonodikai

judges or officials of the Ancient Olympic Games (police force and judge in one)

Ekecheiria

sacred truce

Milo of Crotona

Trained by carrying a calf: gets heavier and carries more

Ate a cow everyday

Theagenes of Thasos

Won 1400 crowns

Hist statue fell on a rival, who was punching the image, and was convicted of murder

Stadion Foot Race

(5 or 6 in heat then move onto next)

Original and only event for first 12 olympics

Most prestigious

Winner's name is used for that Olympic games

192 meters

Several heats, decided by lot, with a final

Boxing

Oldest Greek Sport

Titanomachy

Zeus v Cronus

Knuckles wrapped in mutton fat and wool: so different from romans and want to display excellence rather then just kill

Romans wrapped theirs in lead

Dancing chess match:strategy

Use of the sun

No holds allowed

No hitting the genitals

No time limits

Klimax (Sudden Death) could be called: think about class example where you cant move, block, dodge, just punch until unconesou and person who called it decides who punches first)

Serious injuries expected, death not uncommon

Wrestling

Competitors coated in olive oil and dust

Ground covered in Keroma (bees wax)

Victory must be acknowledged with lifted forefinger, or thrown to the ground three times

No biting/gouging, hitting, or tripping

No weight classes

Pentathlon:

combination, greece greatest athlete

Discus, Javelin, long jump, running, wrestling

Invented by Jason

Combination of the light events and heavy events

Discus

No practical hunting or war practice

First mentioned in Iliad at Patroclus' funeral games

Disc made of stone, then iron, lead or bronze

Distance only

Broad jump with weights

Linked to war; jumping over enemy lines

Most technically difficult of ancient game events

Coordination of swinging weights, running and jumping

Music was used to set rhythm

Chariot racing: dominant in rome

Various number of horses and distances

Many accidents

Late addition to the games

Prize goes to horse's owner: not person driving

Seen as prestigious by some, but not a true competition by others

headman

Warrior, chief, judge during the dark age

mertiocracy

social stratification based on personal merit, through your ability not who your daddy was

polis

(explain the city state, huge term, focus on structure, phsycality has urban center and surrounding farm lands, political ecomoic and social structure that developed after the dark age, how they organized all institutions)

Arrachion of Phigalia

(while being strangled maintains pain hold on his opponent forcing to surrender, wins as a dead man)

Agean Sea

A sea that seperates Greece from Asia Minor (lots of grain)

Pindus Mountains

runs through the center of the Greek mainland

Mt. Olympus

Home of the gods

Attica Peninsula

found on the Greek peninsula; Athens is located here

Peloponnese

the large land-mass which forms the southern part of mainland Greece

isthmus of Corinth

a tiny piece of land that connects northern and southern Greece

Crete

A Greek island in the Mediterranean Sea, southeast of Greece

rhodes

A Greek island, lying east of Crete in the Aegean Sea

ionia

The territory of Greek settlements on the coast of Anatolia; the main bone of contention between the Greeks and the Persian Empire.

Anatoila

turkey

Cyclades

group of islands in the Aegean Sea

Arthur Evans

British archaeologist who excavated the palace of Knossos in Crete to find what he called Minoan civilization (1851-1941)

Heinrich Schliemann

Discovered Troy in Turkey. He ravaged the site so that he could prove it was Troy. He also found Mycenae in 1876.

aminodes

thessaly

fertile region in northeastern Greece bounded by mountains, the most famous of which was Mount Olympus, the legendary home of the major gods of the Greek pantheon (look at oxford)

Messenians

people who inhabited Messenia, made helots by the Sparans

Corinth

a leading city of ancient Greece famous for its architecture, pottery, and shipbuilding

Codrus

Last King of Athens

Phoneician Alphabet

look at oxford

Lycurgus

legendary ruler of Sparta; tradition credits him with the constitution that changed Sparta into a military state.

ceos

Simonides of Ceos, (born c. 556 bc, Iulis, Ceos [now Kéa, Greece]—died c. 468 bc, Acragas [now Agrigento, Sicily, Italy]), Greek poet, noted for his lyric poetry, elegiacs, and epigrams; he was an uncle of the Greek lyric poet Bacchylides. (oxford)

Helots

Spartan slaves

Mt. Taygetus

Name of the mountain off which the Spartans dropped unwanted babies.

Krypteia

secret police made up of youths to keep helot population in check

Gerousia

Council of Elders in Sparta, 60+ yrs of age, chosen for life by assembly, included 2 kings, 28 others

Ephors

a group of 5 officials that helped govern Sparta with the Concil of Elders

Delian League

an alliance headed by Athens that says that all Greek city-states will come together and help fight the Persians