Unit 3: The Practice of Freedom (copy)

What are the Reconstruction Amendments?

The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the United States Constitution.

What did the 13th Amendment accomplish?

Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except for crime.

What is defined by the 14th Amendment?

Birthright citizenship and equal protection under the law.

What did the 15th Amendment guarantee?

Prohibited the federal government from denying the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

What was the purpose of the Freedmen's Bureau?

To assist formerly enslaved people in becoming citizens and provide support such as food, clothing, and legal aid.

How did African Americans strengthen family bonds post-emancipation?

By searching for kin and establishing legal marriages and family reunions.

What restrictions did Black Codes impose?

Limited legal rights, controlled movement and labor, and attempted to restore previous social controls.

What was Special Field Orders No. 15?

An order by General Sherman that redistributed land to freed African American families.

What did sharecropping entail?

Landowners provided land and tools to formerly enslaved individuals in exchange for a large share of the crops.

What was convict leasing?

A system where Southern prisons profited by leasing African American prisoners to landowners and companies.

What marked the dismantling of Reconstruction-era reforms?

The inclusion of segregation laws and suppression of black voting through various discriminatory practices.

What did the Supreme Court ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) establish?

The "separate but equal" doctrine permitting state-sanctioned segregation.

How did Black journalists contribute to activism during the Nadir?

By highlighting racism and mobilizing community actions against discrimination.

What was the Great Migration?

The migration of African Americans from the South to Northern industrial cities from 1910 to 1970.

What are some causes of the Great Migration?

Labor shortages, environmental disasters, and racial violence in the Jim Crow South.

What was the effect of Afro-Caribbean migration in the 20th century?

Increased diversity in Black culture and communities in the United States.

What did the Universal Negro Improvement Association, led by Marcus Garvey, focus on?

Promoting Black unity, self-determination, and repatriation to Africa.

How did Black performance in music evolve during the Jazz Age?

Through the flourishing of jazz and blues, gaining popularity across America.

What was the significance of HBCUs in Black education?

Provided higher education required to create opportunities for African Americans.

How did double consciousness affect African American identity?

It describes the internal conflict experienced by subordinated groups in an oppressive society, fostering adaptation and resistance.

What was the main aim of Black activists and educators in the New Negro Movement?

To challenge the notion that African Americans lacked history and cultural contributions.

What role did Black churches play in the African American community?

Safe spaces for worship, organization, and cultural expression, fostering leaders and activists.

What shift occurred due to the Great Migration in terms of African American culture?

A transformation leading to urban cultural developments in major Northern cities.

How did the Jim Crow laws affect Black political participation?

By implementing poll taxes, literacy tests, and other discriminatory practices to suppress Black voting.

What was the relationship between the media and Black activism during the 20th century?

The Black press provided news, documented community life, and served as a platform for protest.

What were some of the cultural innovations during the Harlem Renaissance?

Artistic expressions through jazz, blues, and literature that emphasized Black identity and excellence.

How did White Supremacist violence influence African American communities?

It hindered economic advancement and instilled fear, leading to organized resistance.

What contributions did Black women make during the Suffrage movement?

Advocated for rights, organized labor unions, and built community leadership.

How did visual media serve the African American community?

By countering racist representations and highlighting the dignity and beauty of Black individuals.

What was the cultural significance of the Fisk Jubilee Singers?

They introduced African American spirituals to a wider audience and helped gain recognition for Black musical traditions.

What was the impact of Black Greek-letter organizations (BGLOs)?

Provided support for self-improvement, educational excellence, and community service among African Americans.

What did Madam CJ Walker symbolize in the early 20th century?

Black advancement and entrepreneurial spirit, becoming the first female millionaire.

What historical challenges did the African Free School address?

Provided education to both enslaved and free Blacks, preparing them for abolitionist activism.

How did the Second Morrill Act impact Black education?

Mandated states to create separate Black institutions or ensure race was not a determining factor in admissions.

What was significant about the Arts during the Harlem Renaissance?

It showcased Black cultural achievements while challenging racial stereotypes.

How did the transatlantic abolitionism movement influence African Americans?

By fostering the ideas of freedom, representation, and racial equality among Black leaders.