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Benchmark poll
Creating baseline views of a candidate. A survey taken at the beginning of a political campaign in order to gauge support for a candidate and determine which issues are important to voters.
Conservatism
A political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion.
Core values
The primary or dominant values that are prevalent throughout the organization.
Democratic Party
One of the two major U.S political party; founded in 1828 by Andrew Jackson to support a decentralized government and state's rights. The party's philosophy of modern American liberalism blends civil liberty and social equality with support for a mixed capitalist economy. On social issues, it advocates for abortion rights, the legalization of marijuana, stricter gun laws, LGBT rights, as well as criminal justice and immigration reform.
Equal opportunity
The right to equivalent opportunities for employment regardless of race or color or sex or national origin. The condition in which people, although not guaranteed equal rewards, expect to have comparable chances to compete for those rewards.
Exit poll
A survey taken at polling places of how people voted; it collects data on why people voted the way they did.
Federal Reserve
The central bank of the United States. The Fed is an independent agency which seeks to achieve maximum employment and price stability.
Fiscal policy
Fiscal policy consists of actions taken by Congress and the president to influence economic conditions and includes Keynesian and supply-side positions. Government policy that attempts to manage the economy by controlling taxing and spending.
Free enterprise
The market determines prices, products, and services.
Generational effects
Experiences shared by people of a common age.
Globalization
The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.
Individualism
Each person has the ability to shape their life and destiny through the choices they make. A social theory favoring freedom of action for individuals over collective or state control.
Keynesian theory
An economic theory stating that the government can stabilize the economy- that is, can smooth business cycles- by controlling the level of aggregate demand, and that the level of aggregate demand can be controlled by means of fiscal and monetary policies
Liberalism
A political and social philosophy that promotes individual rights, civil liberties, democracy, and free enterprise. A belief that government can and should achieve justice and equality of opportunity.
Libertarianism
Libertarian ideologies favor little or no regulation of the marketplace beyond the protection of property rights and voluntary trade. Libertarian ideologies generally favor little national or state government involvement except when national or state government is protecting private property or individual liberty.
Life cycle effects
The impact of age-related factors in the formation of political attitudes, opinions, and beliefs.
Monetary policy
Monetary policy consists of actions taken by the Federal Reserve (the Fed) to influence interest rates which affect broader economic conditions.
Opinion poll
Measures public opinion on various issues.
Political ideology
The coherent set of values and beliefs about the purpose and scope of government held by groups and individuals.
Political socialization
process by how people acquire their political orientation.
Polling methodology
More precise when it includes: i. Accurate sampling methods, including calculating a margin of error ii. Neutral framing of questions (specific and unbiased wording of questions) iii. Accurate reporting (clear reporting and conclusions that can be supported by the data).
Public opinion
The distribution of the population's beliefs about politics and policy issues.
Republican Party
The GOP (Grand Old Party) was founded in 1854 by anti-slavery activists who opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which allowed for the potential expansion of chattel slavery into the western territories. Upon its founding, it supported classical liberalism and economic reform while opposing the expansion of slavery. Currently, the party's fiscal conservatism includes support for lower taxes, small government conservatism, free market capitalism, free trade, deregulation of corporations, and restrictions on labor unions.
Rule of law
Every person, even those in power, must follow and is accountable to the same laws that govern all. No one is above the law.
Scientific Poll
A representative poll of randomly selected respondents with a statistically significant sample size, using neutral language.
Supply-side theory
An economic philosophy that holds that sharply cutting taxes would increase the incentive to invest, leading to more tax revenues.
Tracking poll
Follow how views of a candidate change during a campaign.
United States political culture
U.S. political culture is defined by its democratic ideals, principles, and core values. As a result of globalization, U.S. political culture has both influenced and been influenced by the values of other countries.
Baby boomers
The 78 million people born during the baby boom, following World War II and lasting until the early 1960s. (1946-1964).
Budget deficit
A situation in which the government spends more than it takes in.
Conservative
A person who believes government power, particularly in the economy, should be limited in order to maximize individual freedom.
Discount Rate
The minimum interest rate set by the Federal Reserve for lending to other banks.
Discretionary Spending
Federal spending on programs that are controlled through the regular budget process.
Entrance polls
Public opinion surveys taken before voters cast their ballots.
Generation X
The 49 million people born between 1965 and 1976 in the "birth dearth" following the baby boom.
Individualism
Each person has the ability to shape their life and destiny through the choices they make.
Inflation
A general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money.
Mandatory Spending
Federal spending required by law that continues without the need for annual approvals by Congress.
Margin of Error
A measure of the accuracy of a public opinion poll. The range of percentage points in which the sample accurately reflects the population.
Means test
An income qualification program that determines whether one is eligible for benefits under government programs reserved for lower-income groups.
Medicaid
A federal and state assistance program that pays for health care services for people who cannot afford them.
Medicare
A federal program of health insurance for persons 65 years of age and older.
Millennials
People born between 1979 and 1994.
Moderate
Person whose views are between conservative and liberal and may include some of both ideologies.
Party Identification
A citizen's self-proclaimed preference for one party or the other.
Political Culture
Commonly shared attitudes, beliefs, and core values about how government should operate.
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