parenting exam 1

1. What are some of the important parent-child qualities that we discussed in class?

1. Love

2.  Commitment

3.  Honesty

4.  Respect

1. Which one did we say was the single most important in the parent-child relationship?

Love

1. Parenting is a combination of

1. Nurturance 

2. Discipline

1. Six fundamental tasks of parenting according to Bradley and an example of each

1. Ensuring safety and sustenance

   1. Providing food, housing, clothing, accessing health care, protecting 

2. Stimulating and instructing 

   1. Making available toys and learning materials, coaching, encouraging achievement 

3.  Giving social emotional support 

   1. Loving, disciplining, modeling, support

4. Monitoring and surveillance 

   1. Watching; collecting information; communicating with the child

5.  Structuring 

   1. Structuring the environment, organizing the child’s day; providing routines

6. Providing social connectedness 

   1. Connecting with family and relatives; forming peer relationships; joining institutions/organizations (e.g., religious, sports, arts)

1. What is the name of the comprehensive theory of parenting?

1. There is no comprehensive theory of parenting, there are just a lot of frameworks 

1. Attachment Theory focuses on an understanding of?

How love between and parent and child develops and affects development

The relationship between a parent and infant reflects a behavioral system that has adapted to promote survival and competent functioning. Behavioral system has two parts:

1. Novelty seeking- child need to discover and understand novel objects 

2. Proximity seeking- child still needs the caregiver there, they need someone near while they explore and as they develop this need is still present but it shifts 

1. How do we research attachment theory?

1. Strange Situation

2. Meant to see how child responds when parent leaves and returns

What are the 4 attachment types?

1. Secure- Showing warmth and love to infants, being sensitive to cues, satisfying their needs, helping to regulate their emotions; Infants learn to trust that the caregiver will take care of their needs

2. Anxious avoidant- Barely notice parent re-entry or ignore re-entry; Parent doesn’t attend regularly to the infant’s needs; Children learn that the parent cannot be expected to provide for their needs so they eventually do not bother going to their parents when stressed or in need

3. Anxious resistant- Upset when parent leaves but when parent returns approach the parent but resist being held; Parents may love their infants but, for whatever reason, have a poor of timing or misjudgment of child’s needs and therefore are inconsistent with care; Infant learns that the parent is unpredictable and cannot be counted on to help when they are in distress. Child will then show ambivalent (anxious-resistant) behaviors

4. Disorganized- Shows a mixture of responses; Do not have an organized behavioral strategy to deal with stress, Infants believed to be survivors of abuse or some trauma and show peculiar and incoherent response patterns

1. What do children use an internal working model for?

1. Children use this model to build an understanding of the world that contains ideas and expectations about how other people will behave toward them 

2. Examples: 

   1. “My mom loves me and meets my needs” toddler

   2. “My mom loves me and I can go to her if I need help” child

   3. “‘My mom loves me and I can go to her for advice” teen 

   4. My mom loves me and I want a partner to love me and meet my needs too” adult 

1. What two factors, specifically, does the Ecological Systems Theory focus on?

1. Environment 

2. Context 

1. Describe each system of the Ecological System in your own words

1. Microsystem: or immediate environment, anywhere face to face interactions are possible 

2. Mesosystem: linkages between microsystems 

3. Exosystem: settings aren’t experienced directly but still have indirect influence

4. Macrosystem: values, beliefs, morals, attitudes, customs, laws, culture that we have little control over 

5. Chronosystem: dimension of time, changes overtime (whether in personal life or in world around us) and influences our development and values 

1. Family systems theory is a theory that focuses on what?

The system of interactions, interrelations, and interconnections between family members

Another word for stability is?

1. Equilibrium 

2. Changes aren’t happening 

1. Another word for change is?

1. Disequilibrium 

2. Changes are happening, family is in a state of imbalance 

1. Name and define the three types of change that can provoke change in a family system.

1. Developmental changes- children change and develop and parents change and develop, any change in any member can lead to disequilibrium 

2. Normative events- births of children, deaths of older family members, children going to college 

3. Nonnomative events- winning the lottery, unexpected death of a family member, learning that a family member has a serious illness 

1. Research has found that children who have a secure attachment at 12/18 months are more:

1. Compliant, enthusiastic, persistent, cooperative, better at problem solving

What are some reasons why secure attachment does not always equal these positive results that you just described

1. Cannot do a true scientific experiment 

2. People are  dynamic and the changes as they grow can cause attachment type to change 

3. Have a different attachment type with different parents

1. Child attachment style influences internal working model which influences how as adults we think about our early attachment relations which influences how we currently function as adults which influence our adult attachment style which influences…

Our children's childhood attachment style (75% of the time)

1. Name and describe characteristics of the 4 adult attachment styles

1. Positive- high view of yourself and others

2. Preoccupied- high view of others, low view of yourself; uncomfortable having someone else accept them for who they are/ can’t live up to others’ expectations 

3. Dismissing- high view of yourself, low view of others; likely to negate other people feelings and inflate their own 

4. Fearful- low view of yourself and others; don’t feel worthy of love or think others are worthy of love 

Parenting styles are made up of two dimensions

1. Behavioral- parenting practices, not how they think but how they act 

2.  Philosophical-  parenting styles, authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, neglecting 

1. Which parenting style is being described?

1. High responsiveness, high demandingness: authoritative parenting

2. High responsiveness, low demandingness: permissive parenting (indulgent) 

3. Low responsiveness, high demandingness: authoritarian parenting

4. Low responsiveness, low demandingness: permissive parenting (neglecting)

1. What are the 3 ways that parents guide children’s development through trajectories?

1. Establish trajectories- determine the direction that the children’s development will take

   1. Decide what is important for our family and socialization goals we have for our children. Based on these, we establish trajectories for children. 

2. Medicate trajectories- exert a powerful influence on how children perceive, react to, and understand their environment and experiences 

3. Modify the speed of experiences- which can promote development by either accelerating or decelerating experiences/ development 

1. Define developmentally challenging circumstances and give a few examples

1. Circumstances that will challenge the child and force them to grow, change, and adapt 

2. Moving, birth of a sibling, parental separation or divorce, illness, peer issues, exposure to violence, the “isms” 

1. Name and describe the three level of mediating trajectories?

1. Pre-arming – parental inoculation – preparing the child for experiences so parents can influence how the child will perceive and react

   1. Especially important in developmentally challenging circumstances (circumstances can be both positive and negative)

2. Concurrent mediation – helping child interpret situation as it is happening or shortly after

   1. Parent attempts to modify child’s perceptions and reactions to an event in order to mediate a negative experience or influence

3. Debriefing  – talking to child after the event is over

   1. Attempting to influence how a child perceives or thinks about an experience after the event is over

1. What is acceleration?

1. Acceleration- Sometimes positive; sometimes negative, pressure to grow up too soon and too fast

   1. Seems particularly important in American culture

1. What is deceleration?

Deceleration- overprotection (make all the decisions for the child and refuse/delay giving child increasing and/or age-appropriate autonomy), promote belief in fantasies beyond usual time, delay types of social involvement, delay school entry (academic redshirting)

1. Name the 4 basic components/determinants of influences on parenting

1. General cultural factors- nationality, SES

2. Individual factors- characteristics of the parent, unconscious influences

3. Interpersonal factors- child behavior, family structure

4. Setting- at home, at the part 

1. 3 central categories of influence according to Belsky

1. Parental psychological resources- developmental history, personality

2. Child characteristics- gender, behavior

3. Contextual sources of stress and social support- marital relations, social networks, work relationships

1. What parent characteristic, specifically, did Belsky focus on and why?

1. Characteristic: parent personality 

2. Why: psychologically stable and emotionally strong people are able to better withstand stress and contextual pressures

Be familiar with and understand how to calculate a Hollingshead Socioeconomic Status.

1. Score from 8-66, the higher your score the higher your SES

   1. Occupation is scored 1-9, education is scored 1-7) 

2. (Occupation score x 5) + (education score x 3) = SES 

3. For 2 parent house holds, do formula for both parents and then add their individual SES together and divide by 2

1. How does SES influence parenting?

1. SES → values → childrearing values → parenting behaviors 

2. High ses → responsibility, self direction, initiative, independence → autonomy, responsibility, creativity → concerted cultivation (foster children's talents and skills and intensive involvement in their education, teaching them to reason with adults and navigate institutions)

3. Low ses → confirmative to external authority, stick to rules → obedience to parents, self control, getting along with others, acting as a boy or girl should → natural growth (be what you are, excel where you excel, struggle where you struggle)

1. What is acute stress?

Stress that occurs but goes away

1. What is chronic stress?

1. Stress the occurs and is more permanent 

What is additive effects of stress?

When two or more stressors combine and form a stronger influence on behaviors

1. What are the two types of social support? 

1. Physical- babysitting, helping clean the house

2. Emotional- listening when you need it, being present 

1. Name and describe the stable parent characteristics

1. Gender- involvement in childcare, fathers engage in more physically stimulating and rough and tumble play, mothers more responsive to variations in their children's plays, more likely to enforce rules, and communicate 

2. Prior experience- experience from own childhood, nonparenting experiences with other children, previous parenting experience 

3. Social cognitions- attitudes believes, expectations, especially regarding behavior/temperament 

4. Personality- personality characteristics can help overcome negative prior experiences and results in current positive parenting techniques, one important characteristic is empathy, allows parent to take child perspective in a situation

5. Age- changes the way they talk to children and structure the environment

1. Name and describe the stable child characteristics

1. Age- how old is the child/ parents

2. Gender- influences parents, autonomy promoted more in boys, boys encouraged to play explore and achieve, girls encouraged to help mom and focus on interpersonal relationships 

3. Temperament- how emotionally expressive the child is and how the child responds to changes in the environment

   1. Not as much the child's temperament as how the parent responds/relates to it 

4. Birth order- 1st born gets more care attention affection pressure, other factors are gender of the child, age gaps, and family size 

1. Describe outcomes related to having a single-parent family structure.

1. Increased stress, pressure of limited time, less time with children, less time supervising and monitoring, more at risk for high stress, depression, and exhaustion 

1. Whenever there is a negative marital relationship, how might that effect that parent- child relationship?

Lack of love/warmth in marriage results in the parent trying to attain that in relationship with the child which could buffer the child from negative effects of marital discord

1. What are the three components of the situational determinant of context?

1. Context- location, audience, time

2. Transient parent characteristics- thoughts and emotions, goals

3. Transient child characteristics- emotional changes in children, based a lot in their age 

1. Based on reporting of advantages and disadvantages, we can identify 4 types of parents. Name each type and describe why a parent fits in that category:

1. Prochildren (30%)

2. Antichildren (30%)

3. Ambiivant (20%)

4. Indifferent (20%) 

1. What are the 4 typical ways to become a parent?

1. Pregnancy

2. Pregnancy following fertility treatment

3. surrogacy/ third party reproduction

4. Adoption 

1. About how many pregnancies are there each year in the US?

6.1 million

1. In thinking about ways to optimize pregnancy, what are the 3 ways mothers can prepare their bodies during pregnancy – be sure to understand what each of these mean?

1. Adjust things like weight, alcohol consumption, medication intake, fitness level

2. Take prenatal vitamins (folic acid to avoid neural tube deflects in the baby) 

3. Prepare psychologically 

1. About how many of those pregnancies are unintended?

Half – 3.05 million

1. What are the 3 teratogens we specifically discussed mothers avoiding and what are their effects on the fetus and/or baby?

1. Nicotine (can affect growth; increases risk of fetal mortality, low birth weight, premature birth, infant mortality; cause cognitive defects and behavior problems seen in childhood and adolescence 

2. Alcohol (can cause brain damage; Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) which is a time of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)) 

3. Legal and illegal drugs 

1. In what way can mothers prepare their minds during pregnancy – be sure you understand ways that she can do this/why it is important

1. Minimize negative emotions 

   1. Feelings about pregnancy can have long-term implications for both the mother and child

   2. There are a lot of changes emotionally, accepting these changes leads to lower levels of parenting stress and increased likelihood of raising a securely attached child 

1. What are the three basic techniques that fall under reproductive technology?

1. Intrauterine insemination (IUI) 

   1. Costs are typically out of pocket

   2. Average cost per cycle- $300

   3. Most common

2. In vitro fertilization (IVF)

   1. Average cost per cycle- $12,400 but can be higher if using donor eggs

   2. Some clinics now offer a guaranteed live birth plan that has a cost surpassing $30,00

3.  Third Party Reproduction (Third Party Assisted ART, Surrogacy)

   1. 3rd person who can donate sperm, egg, embryo

   2. Surrogate- either one who donates the egg and caries or gestational carrier only 

   3. Average cost $100,000-$200,000 depending on deeps and location in the US

   4. Agency fees, compensation to surrogate, health insurances for surrogate, expenses of surrogate, legal feels counseling services, IVF or embryo implantation 

1. What are three maternal problems that can happen during pregnancy – be sure you understand what each one is?

1. Miscarriage

   1. Pregnancy losses that end before 20 weeks of gestation 

      1. After 20 weeks, it’s a stillbirth) 

   2. Very common- as many as half of all pregnancies believed to end this way, often before the mother knows she's pregnant 

   3. Most occur before the 12th week 

   4. Causes- chromosomal abnormalities, hormonal imbalances, uncontrolled diabetes, injuries to the abdomen, substance abuse, however the majority of the time the cause is unknown 

2. Ectopic pregnancy 

   1. Fertilized eggs implants outside of the uterus, usually in the fallopian tub 

   2. Occurs about 1-2% of the time

   3. Must be removed surgically 

3. Psychological distress

   1. Causes- stress, anxiety, depression

   2. How this is dealt with may affect fetal growth and the risk of having a baby with low birth weight 

   3. Children who experienced prenatal press have accelerated development in some domains but also more neurological, intellectual, and behavioral problems 

1. Name and describe 3 child birth methods.

1. Bradley method (partner coached, natural birth) 

   1. Aims to avoid the use of pain medications unless absolutely necessary 

   2. Involves a partner as the birth coach and focuses on good nutrition and exercise during pregnancy 

2. Lamaze 

   1. Neutral on the issue of pain medication 

   2. Focuses on how to cope with pain using relation techniques including breathing techniques and massage 

3. Cesarean section (C-section) 

   1. Involves surgically cutting the abdomen and uterus in order to birth the baby 

   2. Recommended when the baby is breach, having multiple babies, problematic deliveries, and convenience and reduction of childbirth stress 

   3. In 2016, almost ⅓ (31.9%) of US births were c-sections 

1. As parents transition into parenthood, we discussed 6 changes that might occur. Name and describe them.

1. Mother work outside the home- either stop working or return to work and find childcare 

2. Mother work inside the home- sometimes up to 80 hours a week in the home

3. Father work outside the home- sometimes take on more hours or a second job to account for loss in mothers income 

4. Family role adjustment- siblings

5. Marital relationship- increase in marital conflict, decline in feelings of love and marital satisfaction; affected by prior expectations, infant temperament, maternal depressive symptoms, quality of co parenting 

6. Personal identity- husband and wife are now father and mother 

1. What are three indicators of parental sensitivity?

1. How rapidly they respond

2. Dependability of their response

3. Success at comforting the child 

1. What is co-parenting?

1. The extent to which parents work together in their roles as parents 

   1. providing support, resolving childrearing disagreements, dividing duties, managing interaction patterns 

   2. Supportive co-parenting also benefits marital satisfaction 

1. What is postpartum depression?

1. Can occur anytime within the first year of a baby’s life, lasts two weeks or longer, is accompanied by symptoms such as sadness, insomnia, lack of interest, feelings of guilt, low energy, changes in appetite, restlessness, mood swings, and in extreme cases thoughts of suciced 

2. Mothers of unintended children are more at risk 

1. How is postpartum depression treated?

1. With appropriate medical care, involvement in support groups, and/or use of antidepressants

2. Most common methods are cognitive behavior therapy and interpersonal therapy 

1. What has been found to be the most fundamental dimension of effective parenting?

Warmth

1. Name and define a negative consequence of this factor for the parent.

1. Parental separation anxiety- a parent’s unpleasant emotional state of concern and apprehension about leaving a child 

1. What are recommended activities in prenatal, infancy, and toddlerhood to “rear smarter children”?

1. Take prenatal vitamins and stay healthy

2. Mothers should gain 15-30 lbs, eating an extra 300 calories a day

3. Minimize stress 

4. Breastfeed for the first year

5. Engage in happy, loving interactions, avoid conflicts

6. Introduce variety in daily experiences

7. Provide appropriate stimulation to all five senses, avoid overstimulation 

8. Continue to provide good nutrition

9. Provide vitamin/mineral supplements if needed

10. Engage in a variety of daily experiences, arrange peer interactions 

11. Provide appropriate stimulation to all five senses, avoid overstimulation

12. Read to your toddler, expose them to music and/or a second language 

13. Engage in mutually enjoyable activities 

1. What behavioral systems are infants born with that are ready to be activated?

1. Reflexes

2. Sensory abilities

3. Crying 

1. What is the first task for parents according to Bradley?

1. Keeping the child healthy and safe 

What are 3 ways parents can do this?

1.  Providing appropriate nutrition

2.  Ensuring adequate sleep

3.  Taking the infant to well-baby doctor visits 

1. What are some of the challenges to mothers returning to work?

1. Finding affordable childcare 

2.  Needing to pump breast milk

3.  Feeling various emotions such as guilt and sadness over the separation 

1. Socialization can happen through both direct and indirect instruction. Give an example of each.

1. Direct- parents purposely teaching manners at the dinner table everynight; saying things like “put your napkin in your nap,” “keep your elbows off the table,” “chew with your mouth closed” 

2. Indirect- father always gets moms car doors when shes getting in or out so when son gets a girlfriend he makes sure to do it too

1. What factors determine what effective discipline is for a given situation?

1. Nature of the misdeed

2. Nature of the child

3. Features of the actual disciplinary response 

1. Parents help their toddlers learn to regulate their emotions in at least 4 ways.

1. Model how to deal with emotions

2. Label emotions so the child can begin learning to identify his emotion states

3. Teach strategies to manage distress, control impulses, and delay gratification

4. Emotional climate of the family can affect this regulation process

1. Children of parents on welfare heard about how many words per hour?

600

1. Children from affluent families heard about how many words per hour?

2,100

1. By the time a child is 3, a poor child will have heard how many fewer words than children of a professional couple?

30 million