Apush unit 6 REVIEW

The MEN who build America ;)

Central Pacific Railroad

Central Pacific Railroad

started in California, and pushed eastward; eventually connected with the Union Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, Utah

Union Pacific Railroad

A railroad that started in Omaha, and it connected with the Central Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, UTAH

Paddies

the Irish who made up the construction gangs in the Union Pacific; often came from fighting in the Civil War

Leland Stanford

One of the "Big Four" tycoons who became president of the Central Pacific Railroad and later went on to become governor of California.

Railroad Pros

Economic growth, job creation, settlement + expansion, improved communication and national unity.

Railroad Cons

Exploitation of workers, pollution, deforestation, displacement of natives, monopolies + corruption, safety hazard.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

A railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical.

Pullman Cars

Railway cars that were designed to be like luxury hotels but on the railways

Jay Gould

United States financier who gained control of the Erie Canal and who caused a financial panic in 1869 when he attempted to corner the gold market (1836-1892)

Stock Watering

Price manipulation by strategic stock brokers of the late 1800s. The term for selling more stock than they actually owned in order to lower prices, then buying it back.

Pool

An agreement to divide the business in a given area and share the profits.

Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois

Supreme Court decision that prohibited states from regulating the railroads because the constitution gives congress the power to regulate state commerce.

Interstate Commerce Commission

an agency that sets the laws for all the companies that do business across state lines

Alexander Graham Bell

Invented the telephone

Thomas Edison

American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.

Andrew Carnegie

Founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

John D. Rockefeller

Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest monopoly known in history. Used HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION.

J.P. Morgan

Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was one of the "Robber barons"

Vertical Integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

Horizontal Integration

Type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition. Ex. Rockefeller

Trust

a combination of firms or corporations formed by a legal agreement, especially to reduce competition

interlocking directorates

The practice of having executives or directors from one company serve on the Board of Directors of another company. J. P. Morgan introduced this practice to eliminate banking competition in the 1890s.

Capital Goods

products businesses use to produce other goods

Consumer Goods

goods produced for present consumption

Bessemer Process

A process for making steel more efficiently, patented in 1856.

Kerosene

A flammable hydrocarbon oil used as fuel in lamps and heaters. Gets replaced by electricity as a power/light source.

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Sherman Anti- Trust Act

an 1890 law that banned the formation of trusts and monopolies in the United States

How was the South successful at industrializing?

No: limited by Northern Industrialists

Yes: had some success w/ innovation of machine-made cigarettes.

Effects of the Industrial revolution

+) Economic growth, tech advances, improved transportation, increased living standard.

-) Harsh working conditions, child labor, pollution, health issues, income inequality.

Scabs/ Strikebreakers

Replacement workers hired when company normal workers went on strike.

Yellow-dog contracts

A written contract between employers and employees saying they will not join a union while working for the company.

Blacklist

list of people who were strikers or troublemakers, preventing them from getting good jobs elsewhere.

Company Town

community whose residents rely upon one company for jobs, housing, and shopping

National Labor Union

The first large-scale U.S. union; founded to organize skilled and unskilled laborers, farmers, and factory workers.

Knights of Labor

labor union that sought to organize all workers and focused on broad social reforms

Haymarket Square Riot

A demonstration of striking laborers in Chicago in 1886 that turned violent, killing a dozen people and injuring over a hundred.

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

a national organization of labor unions founded in 1886 by Samuel Gompers. Only skilled workers, learned from Knights of Labor and National Labor Union's mistakes.

Samuel Gompers

He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers.

Closed Shop

an agreement in which a company agrees to hire only union members

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

A large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the strike (example of how government always sided with employers over workers in the Gilded Age). The worst railroad violence was in Pittsburgh, with over 40 people killed by militia men

Coolies

workers from China on US railroads and gold rush

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 law that prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers

James A Garfield

the 20th President of the US; he died two months after being shot and six months after his inauguration.

Charles J Guiteau

assassinated President James A. Garfield to make civil service reform a reality. He shot Garfield because he believed that the Republican Party had not fulfilled its promise to give him a government job

Chester Arthur

He was chosen as Garfield's running mate. Garfield won but was shot, so Arthur became the 21st president. Known for efforts at civil service reform which led to the Pendleton Act.

Pendleton Act of 1883

Created the Civil Service Commission to ensure that hiring of federal employees was based on examinations and merit rather than political patronage.

James G Blaine

Charming but corrupt "Half-Breed" Republican senator and Republican candidate for president in 1884, quintessence of spoils system; highly disgusted the mugwumps (many Republicans turned to Democrat Cleveland)

Mugwumps

Republican Party activists who had switched to the Democratic Party because they did not like the financial corruption that was associated with the Republican candidate James G. Blaine in 1884.

Grover Cleveland

22nd and 24th president, Democrat, Honest and hardworking, fought corruption, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes

Civil War Pensions

federal government gave annual pensions for Union Civil War veterans who had retired. Ended due to corruption.

McKinley Tariff Act of 1890

raised tariffs to the highest level they had ever been. Big business favored these tariffs because they protected U.S. businesses from foreign competition.

Louis Sullivan

United States architect known for his steel framed skyscrapers and for coining the phrase 'form follows function' (1856-1924)

Walking City

A city in which a majority of people walk to get from one spot to the other, before railroads and transport.

Tenements

Poorly built, overcrowded housing where many immigrants lived. The Slums

New Immigrants

immigrants who had come to the US after the 1880s from southern and eastern europe

Political Machines

Appealed to immigrants and urban poor; provided services in exchange for support. Think Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall

Political Bosses

powerful leaders who ran local politics in many cities, providing jobs and social services to immigrants in exchange for political support

Social Gospel

Movement led by Washington Gladden - taught religion and human dignity would help the middle class over come problems of industrialization (slums + unionizing)

Jane Addams

1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom. The founder of Hull House

Hull House

settlement house founded by Progressive reformer Jane Addams in Chicago in 1889.

Settlement houses were community centers that provided services and education tho those in need.

Lillian Wald

Founder of Henry Street Settlement House in NY and Founder of Public Health Nursing

Florence Kelley

An advocate for improving the lives of women and children. (Social Welfare). She was appointed chief inspector of factories in Illinois. She helped win the passage of the Illinois Factory Act in 1893 (prohibited child labor and limited women's working hours). Helped found the National Consumers League.

Nativists

Americans who feared that immigrants would take jobs and impose their Roman Catholic beliefs on society

Anglo-Saxons

Native-born Americans of British descent concerned about being outnumbered by immigrants, fueling Nativist policies.

The American Protective Association (APA)

An organization created by nativists in 1887 that campaigned for laws to restrict immigration

The Statue of Liberty

European immigrants saw this structure as a symbol of hope and freedom.

Salvation Army

This welfare organization came to the US from England in 1880 and sought to provide food, shelter, and employment to the urban poor while preaching temperance and morality.

Liberal Protestants

Those who believed that the Bible was to be used for its ethical values rather than its literal meaning.

Mary Eddy Baker

Founded the Christian Science religion. Wrote "Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures"

YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association)

a religious organization that provided physical education and religious instruction. expanded fast alongside the YWCA (woman) and provided services that helped overall well-being and community engagement.

Charles Darwin

Evolution by "natural selection" (the weaker die out). Wrote On the Origin of Species

Fundamentalists

Broad movement in Protestantism in the U.S. which stressed the literal truths of the Bible and creation.

Normal Schools

Schools that prepared men and women with the necessary skills to become teachers.

Kindergarten

a preschool for children age 4 to 6 to prepare them for primary school

The Chautauqua Movement

helped benefit adults in education through nationwide public lectures, often held in tents and featuring well-known speakers, including Mark Twain. In addition, there were courses of home study.

Booker T Washington

Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book "Up from Slavery."

The Tuskegee Institute

Booker T. Washington built this school to educate black students on learning how to support themselves and prosper

Accommodationists

belief that one should make themselves equally useful in order to combat racism; did not directly challenge white supremacy.

George Washington Carver

African American farmer and food scientist. His research improved farming in the South by developing new products using peanuts.

W.E.B. DuBois

1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Interracial organization founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination and to achieve political and civil rights for African Americans.

Vassar College

Opened in 1865. First women's college to teach by the same standards as the best men's colleges

Howard University

One of the first African American Colleges, it was established in Washington D.C

Land-grant colleges

state educational institutions built with the benefit of federally donated lands

The Morrill Act 1862

Act by which land grant colleges got space for campuses if they promised to institute agricultural programs.

The Hatch Act 1887

extended the Morrill Act and provided federal funds for the establishment of agricultural experiment stations in connection with the land-grant colleges.

Yellow Journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer

Writers who used yellow journalism

Edwin L Godkin

This man published the New York Nation, which championed various forms of civil service reform

Henry George

He wrote Progress and Poverty in 1879, which made him famous as an opponent of the evils of modern capitalism.

Edward Bellamy

In 1888, he wrote Looking Backward, 2000-1887, a description of a utopian society in the year 2000.

Victoria Woodhull

Radical feminist propagandist whose eloquent attacks on conventional social morality shocked many Americans in the 1870s

Anthony Comstock

Persuaded Congress in 1873 to pass the "Comstock Law" which prohibited the mailing or transportation of obscene and lewd material and photographs.

Charlotte Perkins Gilman

A feminist who published "Women + economics." ; called upon women to abandon their dependent status and contribute to the larger life of the community through productive involvement in the economy; wrote "The Yellow Wallpaper"

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony and Carrie Chapman Catt

worked for women's rights. Helped establish NAWSA and the 19th amendment (women vote)

The national american women suffrage association (NAWSA)

militant suffrage org. formed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthony. Led to passage of 19th amend.

Ida B Wells

African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores

The Woman's christian temperance union (WCTU)

An organization advocating the prohibition of liquor that spread rapidly after 1879, when charismatic Frances Willard became its leader. Carrie A Nation was an intense member.

Carrie Nation

muscualr and anti derranged woman, she estroyed saloons in her wild anti drinking crusade.